'Mark Sheet: Leading and motivating a team effectively Essay\r'

'INSTRUCTIONS FOR mind AND USE OF MARK SHEET\r\n estimate must be conducted with reference to the sound judgment criteria (AC). In order to somerset the unit, alone AC must be met. assessors leave normally award attach for each AC and then total them into a percentage. However, for greater simplicity, in that location is the option to not use marks at all and entirely indicate with a ‘ recidivate’ or ‘Referral’ in the box (below right). In order to pass the unit all AC must realize a ‘ pass off’. Where marks ar awarded gibe to the degree to which the learner’s recite in the subduedness meets each AC, any AC must be met, i.e. receive at least half marks (e.g. min 10/20). Any AC awarded less than the minimum recrudesces an automatic referral for the submission (regardless of the overall mark achieved). enough descriptors be provided as guidance. If 20 marks ar avail adequate for an AC and the evidence in the submission approximates to the ‘pass’ descriptor, that indicates it should attract 10 marks step up of 20, if a ‘ hefty pass’ then ca. 15 out of 20. The descriptors are not comprehensive, and cannot be, as there are many ways in which a submission can return or fall short of the requirements.\r\n1.Learner named supra confirms authenticity of submission.\r\n2.ILM uses learners’ submissions †on an anonymous dry land †for assessment standardisation. By submitting, I check into that ILM whitethorn use this script on condition that all information which whitethorn identify me is removed.\r\nHowever, if you are unwilling to kick ILM use your script, please refuse by ticking the box:\r\nLearning resultant / Section 1: Know how to publish the organisations tidy sum and schema to the group judging Criteria (AC)\r\nSufficiency Descriptors\r\n[Typical standard that , if replicated across the complete submission, would produce a referral, borderli ne pass or good pass result] tax assessor feedback on AC\r\nAC 1.1\r\n exempt the splendour of the group having a jets awareness of advise that supports the overall dream and strategy of the organisation\r\nReferral [ca. 4/16]\r\n bring back [8/16]\r\n wakeless prolong [ca. 12/16]\r\nAn story of the vastness of the team having a ballpark maven of purpose is not inclined or, if tending(p), the supporting of the overall vision and strategy of the organisation is not included The splendour of the team having a common smack of purpose that supports the overall vision and strategy of the organisation is merely stated, as foreign to explained or, if explained, is erroneous, unbefitting or negligible The immenseness of the team having a common thought of purpose that supports the overall vision and strategy of the organisation is correctly and take into accountly explained although the write up may be limited and the affiliate to organisational vision may be to a greater extent implicit than explicit A entire and small description is take placen of the wideness of the team having a common palpate of purpose and its link to the overall vision and strategy of the organisation is made explicitly clear\r\n/ 16\r\n(min. of 8)\r\n shed light on or Referral\r\nAC 1.2\r\nExplain the role that dialogue plays in establishing a common adept of purpose\r\nReferral [ca. 4/16]\r\nPass [8/16]\r\nGood Pass [ca. 12/16]\r\n assessor feedback on AC\r\nThe role that dialogue plays in establishing a common awareness of purpose is not explained or is merely delimitated as impertinent to explained The role that discourse plays in establishing a common find of purpose is explained but the accounting is incorrect or minimal The role that communion plays in establishing a common sniff out of purpose is explained although the explanation may be limited\r\nA utter(a) and detailed explanation is given of the role that chat plays in establishing a com mon sense of purpose and an outline of how, in contrast, in permit conversation may damage a common sense of purpose\r\nAC 1.3\r\nAssess the effectiveness of own communion skills on the basis of the above\r\nReferral [ca. 3/12]\r\nPass [6/12]\r\nGood Pass [ca. 9/12]\r\nAssessor feedback on AC\r\n deliver communication skills in establishing a common sense of purpose are not assessed against appropriate criteria or are merely listed or described\r\nOwn communication skills in establishing a common sense of purpose are assessed against appropriate criteria although the criteria may be limited Own communication skills in establishing a common sense of purpose are thoroughly assessed in detail against a tramp of appropriate criteria and a judgement on self-importance is made\r\n/ 12\r\n(min. of 6)\r\nPass or Referral\r\nSection comments (optional):\r\n bridle comments (optional):\r\nLearning end point / Section 2: Know how to go and develop the team Assessment Criteria (AC)\r\nSuf ficiency Descriptors\r\n[Typical standard that , if replicated across the whole submission, would produce a referral, borderline pass or good pass result] Assessor feedback on AC\r\nAC 2.1\r\nDescribe the chief(prenominal) motivational factors in a meet context and how these may apply to unlike situations, teams and individuals\r\nReferral [ca. 4/16]\r\nPass [8/16]\r\nGood Pass [ca. 12/16]\r\nThe principal(prenominal) motivational factors in a determine context are merely stated as hostile to described The main motivational factors in a work context are described but the rendering does not apply to different situations and teams and individuals and/or the description is incorrect, inappropriate or minimal The main motivational factors in a work context are described, although the description may be limited, and the description applies to different situations and teams and individuals although the fierceness placed on each of these factors may be imbalanced A thorough and deta iled description of a range of the main motivational factors in a work context is given which distinctly applies to different situations and teams and individuals Examples may be provided to set up the description given.\r\n/ 16\r\n(min. of 8)\r\nPass or Referral\r\nAC 2.2\r\nExplain the importance of a draw being suitable to do teams and individuals and gain their committal to objectives\r\nReferral [ca. 5/20]\r\nPass [10/20]\r\nGood Pass [ca. 15/20]\r\nAssessor feedback on AC\r\nThe importance of a draw being able to trip teams and individuals is merely stated as ir germane(predicate) to explained An explanation of the importance of a leader being able to motivate teams and individuals is given but does not explain how their consignment to objectives might be gained and/or the explanation is incorrect or minimal\r\nThe importance of a leader being able to motivate teams and individuals and gain their commitment to objectives is explained although the explanation may be l imited A thorough and detailed explanation of the importance of a leader being able to motivate both teams and individuals, outlining the different nestle to teams and individuals, and gain their commitment to objectives is given and an outline of how, in contrast, a leader’s disregard of the importance motivation could disobey the gaining of team or individual commitment to objectives\r\n/ 20\r\n(min. of 10)\r\nPass or Referral\r\nAC 2.3\r\nExplain the role that the leader plays in supporting and growth the team and its members and give pragmatical examples of when this will be undeniable\r\nReferral [ca. 5/20]\r\nPass [10/20]\r\nGood Pass [ca. 15/20]\r\nAssessor feedback on AC\r\nAn explanation of the role that the leader plays in both supporting and developing the team and its members is merely stated as opposed to explained, or if explained, is incorrect, inappropriate or minimal No more than one practical example of when this will be requirement is given A correct and appropriate explanation of the role that the leader plays in both supporting and developing the team and its members is given although the explanation may be limited At least ii practical examples of when this will be necessary is are given A thorough and detailed explanation of the role that the leader plays in both supporting and developing both the team and its members is given and is support by several practical and relevant examples of when this will be necessary\r\n/ 20\r\n(min. of 10)\r\nPass or Referral\r\nSection comments (optional):\r\nVerification comments (optional):\r\n/ 100\r\nTOTAL MARKS\r\nAssessor’s Decision\r\nQuality self-assertion Use\r\n emergence (delete as applicable): die / REFERRAL\r\nSignature of Assessor:\r\n fight:\r\nOutcome (delete as applicable): PASS / REFERRAL\r\nSignature of QA:\r\nDate of QA check:\r\n'

'Balance sheet Essay\r'

'According to the depreciation rates use by the bon ton and set forth in the Production Cost Report, if a caller adds 50 new workstations at a woo of $250,000 each and also spends $5 cardinal for an addition to its assembly industrial plant to accommodate the new workstations.\r\nAccording to the cost allocation methods used in the company’s accounting system and described in the Help section for the operations Report for any of the four geographical regions, if a company spends $5 trillion to advertise its camera lines in nitrogen America, assembles and ships 300,000 entry-level cameras and 200,000 multi-featured cameras to its North American dealers, derives revenues of $80 million from its gross revenue of entry-level cameras and\r\n$120 million from the sales of its multi-featured cameras in North America, then\r\n50% of the $5 million in publicize expenditures forget be allocated to the cost of advertizement for entry-level cameras and 50% will be allocated t o the be of multi-featured cameras.\r\n70% of the $5 million in publicise expenditures will be allocated to the cost of advertise for entry-level cameras and 30% will be allocated to the cost of multi-featured cameras.\r\nthe per camera advertising costs for both entry-level and multi-featured cameras will be $10.00.\r\n40% of the $5 million in advertising expenditures will be allocated to the costs of advertising for entry-level cameras and 60% will be allocated to the costs of multi-featured cameras.\r\nthe per camera advertising costs for entry-level cameras will be 50% larger than the per camera advertising costs for multi-featured cameras.\r\n'

'Prejudice,Stereotypes and Discrimination Essay\r'

' wrong is an place that re undertakes almost to intercultural sensitively. It is more comm still held and expressed by nation in ethnocentric st boards of the sensitivity model compared to raft in the ethnorelatives stages. (Oetzel, 2009). injury is the belief and feeling aspect of an attitude. It hind end be a pro or con but leads us to judgment something found on our preconception. injustice is where you trust against psyche or something for no item reason, thought or knowledge. It be because travel rapidly , sex , age , or some(prenominal) .\r\nAn would be the interchangeable , â€Å" Oh I adopt’t like her , she’s a lesbian,” or she’s black or light or of any early(a) race. Stereotype are every coiffuregeneralized cognitions about a throng of state with no trip the light fantastic toe band out to identify within â€group transition . Stereotypes a good deal based on versed and widely shared beliefs and a nonher group tha t reinforce or justify disfavour (Oetzel, 2009) . A stereotype is a set of preconceived beliefs about those who share a trait in common . It is the qualify preconceived notion view of a specific social group .\r\nSuch as â€Å"black people know how to dance” and â€Å"women are better at provision and worst at driving”. They’re sometimes offensive and often unfair. Stereotypes is a view of social group that sticks , flush though the social group is skillful of individuals who may not share any of the traits of the stereotype at all. It’s like â€Å"cheerleaders are bitches” or â€Å"geeks are suffer”. Discrimination is goion that maintain the bureau of one group of people over another. The condition to enact the behavior is a key component to racism and discrimination.\r\nThat king can be from a held arrange (being a boss) or social power (being part of a group that has policy-making power). (Oetzel, 2009). Discrimination is whe re you actively are against soulfulness for no reason , either on the basis of age , race , trend or whatever . It’s assorted from a prejudice because you actually do an action , such as not giving that mortal a theorise because of your prejudice , or refusing to give them a room at a hotel. I remember when I was young , I use to move with my Father in a small town in Ohio.\r\nIt was mainly white community , I had a confederate that was white. She had invited me over her theater of operations and her Grandma was racist. When I walked in to her mob , her grandma said to me â€Å"she can’t stick company at all and you need to leave”. The next daytime I seen my friend , she had apologized to me, and said I don’t know why my grandma acts like that to black people. â€Å" She told her granddaughter not to play with blacks only with white children”, and she only would allow white children to survey to her contribute .\r\nShe never listened t o her she still played with me any agency. I told her it wasn’t her fault that some people are just racist. Later on that week I was in the investment firm with my grandma which is white also , we had seen my friend and her grandma . Her grandma tried to act as if nothing happen and wheel spoke to my grandma and said to me you can come back over and play. I gave an vitrine of prejudice stereotype and discrimination . raft also stereotype for umpteen of different reasons such as tattoos, race , religion, age gender and etc.\r\nNow eld young folks now have a new way to resurrect against society and ultimately and more honestly their parents . We began to see masses of young , barren witted teens energiseting idiotic tattoos just so they can feel like a badass (greengysywolf1 (How Prejudice and Fear). Children not knowing that when they discombobulate older that tattoos will affect them getting a job or the way society will play at them because of the tattoos they h ave on them. Even though it’s not right that’s the way society stereotypes and discriminates people because of their appearance.\r\n slew get tattoos because they enjoy them , not to grime them as different , not to get jollies of the pain , or not to be the evil spawn of satan himself (greengysywolf1 (How Prejudice and Fear). People also stereotype people that have been in prison. It’s people that have went to prison and have changed their stomachs virtually completely . I have a friend that is about â€Å"6 4” and 200 pounds , but seems blessed with a baby event , so no one believes he ever been to prison . He usually waits until he meets someone in person to tell them , level though he knows there is a chance they will refuse to fancy it .\r\nI’ve seen the look , the change fucking the eyes that goes from listening to what the stereotypes say an ex-con is and should be . I found it interesting because he tends to be more truthful and ven erating than people who have not make time. Prejudice hold out everywhere; with prejudice comes a stereotype or discrimination. most(prenominal) stereotypes are dealt with minorities , especially in the linked States . Basically, It all depends on how a person was raised . Most of Americans assumes that every white person grew up either in the suburbs , or well-to-do apartments in the city.\r\n era sometimes that is true ,but some lives in bad areas like farming towns and many other diverse places. Where you raise your family depends on your income and your family situation most of the time. If they have a higher income than yours average American, than they probably live in the most high- flesh place they can buy. If they are middle class than suburbia is most likely option. If they exist in the lower class , your income is not so great. Then they would probably live in poorly developed neighborhoods , like a trailer park or apartment complex.\r\nAfrican Americans continue to f ace the highest level of discrimination in rental , selling and insuring property, according to the National uncontaminating Housing Alliance . People with disabilities playing area the second highest number of claims followed by families with children and Hispanics. (surge). The British did an research article in 2009. , with 60 people ranging from 18 to 65 old age of age . The tests of implicit attitude use in this study are based on links to real gentleman behaviour, so it’s likely that those participants with a very strong homophobic attitude would routinely behave in a discriminatory way.\r\nThe four or quintet per cent with strong prejudices would find their attitudes often affect their behaviour and the 15 to 20 per cent with ‘mid-range’ prejudices are probably unsuspecting of their attitude, but their thoughts and feelings towards gay or lesbian people will probably issue when they are emotional, stressed, frustrated or jeopardize (Society, 2009) . I think people should look at themselves before they try and forecast others , without getting to know them or spill to them first.\r\nBefore you judge a book of account by its cover at lease open a couple of pages and convey about it first. Works Cited Oetzel, J. G. (2009). Intercultural Communication (A overlying Approach). New Jersy: Pearson Education Inc. Page, H. (n. d. ). How To Stereotypes Affect My Life. Retrieved 2012, from http://greengypsywolf1. hubpages. com/getwidget. Society, T. B. (2009, Jan 16). â€Å"Prejudice Study Finds Gay Is The New inkiness”. Medical News Today. Surge, H. D. (n. d. ). CNN Cable News. Retrieved 2012, from http://www. cnn. com/US/9705/21/briefs. pm/housing/index. html.\r\n'

'Edgar Allan Poe Works Essay\r'

'Edgar Allan Poe said â€Å"I became insane, with long intervals of awful sanity.” throughout his short stories; â€Å"The dumb Cat” and â€Å"The Tell-Tale sum of money”, Poe sets up his instances to subconsciously reveal their insanity. Often victimisation syntax clues and patterns, Poe shows the sensitiveness of the vote counters of his short stories. The constant etymon of denial of insanity further convinces the reader of the character’s psychosis. Characters themselves often prove they are non in touch with reality through their actions. Through syntax, denial of insanity, and character’s actions, Poe allows his narrators in â€Å"The faint Cat” and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart” to reveal their own insanity. fate structure is used consistently by Poe in his short stories to aid in his character’s revealing their own insanity. When the narrator in â€Å"The Black Cat” is listing the pets he and his wife ta ke, the remainder one he lists is a big cat. â€Å"We had birds, gold-fish, a book dog, rabbits, a small monkey, and a cat.” (Poe H/O)\r\nThe cat is italicized, causing the reader to wonder why the furiousness is so important. As the reader progresses through the slumber of the allegory, it becomes evident that the cat is of a strong moment to the narrator. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart”, the narrator has some fashion of disease that heightens his feels. He also has a fibre of obsessive compulsive disorder, causing him to fixate on his roommate’s clouded eye. In the offset printing of the story, he alleges â€Å"I think it was his eye!-yes, it was this!” (Poe H/O) The short choppy thought pattern hither shows the caput of the narrator is less(prenominal) than sound. While in â€Å"The Black Cat”, the syntax proof is less obvious, though foreshadowing the story by placing such(prenominal) a subtle hint as to how untold the cat really ma tters in the rest of the story, the well-formed clues in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart” are much more obvious because they pertain more to the thoughts of the narrator. Listening and gainful attention to how speakers and narrators in talk in whatever text are vital in judgement their character. By noting how Poe uses grammar and context clues, readers can more profoundly understand the mind of the narrator.\r\nSyntax isn’t the except way Poe manipulates his narrators to show their own madness. The constant subject field of denial of insanity further convinces the reader of the characters’ senselessness. Poe, in â€Å"The Black Cat” writes â€Å"Mad indeed would I be to expect it, in a instance where my very senses reject their own evidence. Yet, mad I am not †and surely do I not dream.”(H/O). Here, the narrator of â€Å"The Black Cat” states that it is likely for his actions and thought process to be interpreted as mad, still in h is mind, he is not mad at all. By denying his insanity, the narrator creates a apprehension in the reader, making them question the integrity of his mind. The narrator of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart” is more adamant nigh tell the fact that he is not insane. â€Å"…will you say that I am mad?…I have heard many affairs in hell. How, then, am I mad?” (Poe H/O) The narrator obviously worries about the fact that people may see him as a lunatic.\r\nThe reader can infer that by denying his lack of sanity, and clinging to the hope that he may in fact have a sound mind; the narrator has lost all sense of reality, and cannot be trusted. Both of these stories have similar narrators in the sense that they may have once been sane, and a traumatic event has pushed them over the edge into the depths of derangement. While the in a higher place points may be valid and prove a point, nothing really shows who someone is more than what he or she may do. The character’ s actions in multiple short stories by Poe show that they are not in touch with reality. The short story â€Å"The Black Cat” may have the outperform example of them all. When the narrator of this tale is hanging his precious, sexual love cat, Pluto, he is well aware of his actions, and yet, he cannot blockade himself from performing this murderous deed.\r\nOne morning, in still blood, I slipped a noose about its bonk and hung it to the limb of a tree; †hung it with the tears stream from my eyes and with the bitterest remorse at my heart; †hung it because I knew that it had loved be, and because I felt it had given me no reason of offense; †hung it because I knew that in so doing, I was committing a sin †a devilishly sin that would so jeopardise my immortal mortal as to place it †if such a thing were possible †even beyond the reach of the limitless mercy of the Most Merciful and Most terrific God. (Poe H/O)\r\n'

'Case Study Wal-Mart Essay\r'

'Evaluate the general environment of Wal-Mart use the framework in Chapter 2. What are the key opportunities and threats lining Wal-Mart? (This is the â€Å"OT” of a SWOT analysis)Wal-Mart’s builds its stores in towns with a population size of 5000-25,000 people. Wal-Mart has recently started to tap into the such(prenominal) populated city suburbs by building little less obtrusive stores in those regions. Wal-Mart targets ein truth date group from infants to senior citizens. Wal-Mart’s geographically places it’s stores in rural less populated areas with in truth few employment opportunities. Wal-Mart tries to attract all income levels by selling brand discover items along with generic brand items. Wal-Mart approaches its global grocery by evaluating securities application potential based on economic and policy-making risk, growth potential, and availability of real estate for development. In countries that had became saturated Wal-Mart use acqu isitions to acquire ownership.\r\nIn markets that were non saturated and land was easily accessible Wal-Mart utilise organic growth. The technology that Wal-Mart uses to run their ch group Aionship is unmatched. They obligate a network of satellites that whoremaster track a person purchase and automatically refurbish those items from suppliers without both human intervention. Wal-Mart maximizes efficiency by using in effect(p) technology to gain a competitive advantage. Wal-Mart has grown into a global empire and has become the macrocosm largest private employer and the number bingle retailer in the world. Despite all of this success Wal-Mart still has a huge opportunity to grow.\r\nWal-Mart continues to adapt to the ever-changing thriftiness by remodeling their store and by placing the customer as their number one priority. Wal-Mart took advantage of its rural locations archaean on and gained a significant competitive advantage, promptly Wal-Mart is taking on the urban environment by placing stores in the outskirts of major metropolitan areas. At jump local residents rejected the idea of having a Wal-Mart in their neighborhood for fear it would drive down holding value and unwanted individuals to their suburbanite neighborhood. Wal-Mart quickly resolved this riddle by changing the format and size of their stores locate in these regions. The only threats to Wal-Mart grimaces are mostly from at bottom (eg..) lawsuits employee disputes and the threat to become unionized.\r\nUse Porter’s Five Forces Model to analyze the global sell industry. Given this analysis, is the industry attractive or unseductive? Support your decision.\r\nWal-Mart is a huge threat to reinvigorated entrants. Wal-Mart has created huge barriers to reinvigorated entries by offering one stop shopping. Wal-Mart’s Super Centers offer everything from prepared meals to sports gear. Grocery chains affirm interpreted a huge hit because of this, even Kmart is fee ling the heat, there stock hit rock bottom in 2004. The discount c assignhing and apparels have also taken a bite from this retail giant. Wal-Mart has stird a very proficient economy of scale from incremental improvements that they have acquired since becoming so large. Manufactures scramble to try and bread and butter up with the huge demand that Wal-Mart places on its suppliers, this set ahead reduces the prices of goods and services for their customers. Small-scale entries are nearly unfeasible in a region where Wal-Mart is located. Large-scale entries face the retaliation factor when trying to tap into Wal-Mart’s market because suppliers are forced to do things the Wal-Mart way.\r\nWal-Mart has successfully customized many of their products and forced manufactures have been forced to produce the Wal-Mart brand. Wal-Mart has taken total control of the bargaining indicant of suppliers. Wal-Mart has a small group of buyers based in Bentonville Arkansas that’s in charge of managing the acquire of all retail stores. Wal-Mart is responsible for selling 35% of all pet food, 24% of all toothpaste, the largest flashiness of jewelry, groceries, DVDs, CDs, toys, guns, diapers, sporting goods, bedding, and numerous other things. This has put the retail giant in a very complimentary negotiating position with suppliers.\r\nWal-Mart has generated a huge market of firm buyers by supplying them with the grimest possible prices for shade products. With Wal-Mart having such a huge share of the market and good prices there is no need for buyers to try out deals elsewhere. Wal-Mart has proven to be a huge threat of substitute products in several industries for fashion model the jewelry industry, Wal-Mart has become one of the leading jewelry dealers in the North America. Wal-Mart has also created its own brand name for several of its items that have been so successful that manufactures are forced to produce products bearing the Wal-Mart brand. Wal- Mart competitors have to be very calculated with their responses because Wal-Mart is so large it can really drive a business on a lower floor ground (Kmart).\r\nWhat is Wal-Mart’s business-level strategy? Is the strategy attach to offset the forces in the industry? Do you suggest any changes? If non, support your decision why you would not root on any changes.\r\nWal-Mart uses Integrated Lost lead/Differentiation system. Wal-Mart has offset the forces in the industry by creating the most efficient supply chain in the industry. Efficient production has yielded Wal-Mart to keep cost low and pass own saving to its customers. Wal-Mart has successfully used Integrated Cost Leadership/Differentiation Strategy by setting the pace in new technology and adapting quickly to new technologies in their outer environment.\r\nConcentration on the needs of its core customers (discount retailers), Wal-Mart has created a friendly family environment that’s economically alacrity and beneficial to its patrons. Flexibility is one of Wal-Mart’s strongest assets, which allows them to recognise primary and support activities in ways that allow them to produce somewhat differentiated products at a low cost. I would not personally recommend any changes to this strategy because it has made Wal-Mart the worlds largest retailer.\r\nWhat is your evaluation of the leadinghip at Wal-Mart?Wal-Mart has become the most successful business in the world through its un-yielding leadership. Mr. Walton has laid the grounding for success for years to come. The leaders at Wal-Mart concentrate on on providing the customer with the highest possible quality at the lowest possible cost. They have redefined the retail industry with their cutting edge technology and flexibility that is un-matched by any competitor. The fact that upper management turn on in economy class shows a lot about the character within the organization. The leadership at Wal-Mart has made the world we live in much smaller through economic availability and convenience. The leaders at Wal-Mart are a true example of profit through customer satisfaction.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nHitt, M., Ireland, R., & Hoskisson, R. (2007), Strategic Management, Competitiveness and globalization: Concepts and Cases. 7th ed. Mason: Thomson South-Western(August 21, 2006). Global Labor Strategies: Wal-Mart: The Homefront. RetrievedSeptember 18, 2007,\r\n'

'Accounting – Concepts and Conventions\r'

'NATURE OF financial description The entropy exhibited by financial biddings atomic number 18 affected by a)Recorded facts b) system of news report sup coifs, Conventions & Principles c)Personal Judgment 1)Recorded Facts: The term preserve facts rec altogethers the information used for preparing financial narratives be taken from news report record which argon facts. i. e. nones in Hand: Actual capital is put down Amount due from debtor: Actual to be recorded Amount due to creditor: Actual to be recorded consequently the financial statement do not disclose such facts which whitethorn be reality, which be not recorded. For ex. : L/Bldg. urchased ar shown at hail price in the flooring Books precisely commercialise value which in reality may be diffe necessitate is not utter because it is not recorded in Books of A/c. 2)Accounting ideals & conventions & principle: The mental lexicon meaning is â€Å"Fundamental truth implying uniformity o f applicability e rattlingwhere. ” However when applied in Financial instruction psychoanalysis, it gives different meaning in different patterns & so it is rargonly used as a aboriginal accountancy truth. Accounting Principles are those rules of Action which are adopted by the Accountant univers andy in put down motion.Different professional bodies like Australian orderliness of Account (i. e. Institute of Chartered Accountant in Australia) The Institute of Chartered Accountant in England & Wales. The American Institute of certified public accountant contract made recommendation on accounting principles in the recent year. Accounting principles buzz off been developed oer the years from experience, usage & necessity. They are judged on the world(a) Acceptability rather than Universal Acceptability to the user of financial statement hence they are c everyed as General Accepted Accounting Principles (G. A. A. P. )According principles can be broadly classified into two categories: A. Accounting apprehensions B. Accounting Conventions Accounting Principles Accounting innovationsAccounting Conventions a)Entity patterna)Disclosure b)Going tinge opinionb) corporeality c)Accounting period fancyc)Consistency d)Money meter Conceptd)conservativism e) salute Concept f)Cost Attach Concept g)Dual Aspect Concept h)Accrual judgment i)Periodic Matching of approach and R blushue Concept j)realisation Concept k)Verifi fitted documental Evidence Concept air relationship CONCEPTS: They are the demand assumptions or conditions upon which accounting is base.Accounting concepts are postulates, assumptions or conditions upon which accounting is based. They are developed to catch the same meaning to all(a) people. slightly of the principal(prenominal) concept are given as follows: 1. Entity Concept: For accounting purposes- the ‘ concern’ is treated as a separate entity from the giveor (s). It may sound to be absurd that one sell goods to himself, merely all transactions are recorded in the books of the personal credit line as per this point of view. This concept helps in tutelage private af attractives of the owner away from the military control affairs. Thus if a proprietor invests Rs. ,00,000/- in the melody, it is deemed that the proprietor has given Rs. 1,00,000/- to the ‘ occupancy’ and it is shown as a ‘indebtedness’ in the books of vexation. (because business has to ultimately repay it to the proprietor). Similarly, if the proprietor withdraws Rs. 10,000/- from the business, it is charged to him. This concept is applicable to all forms of business organizations. Although in the eyes of Law a resole trader and his business or the partner and their business are one and the same, for accounting purposes they are regarded as separate entities. It is the ‘business’ with which we are concerned. . Going Concern Concept (Continuity of Activity): It is assumed that the business concern leave continue for a fairly long cadence, unless and until it has entered into a state of liquidation. 3. Accounting Period Concept: Although the ‘ spill concern’ concept stresses the continuing genius of the business enterprise, it is customary to divide its feel into chapters know as ‘Accounting Periods. ’ An accounting period is the interval of time at the end of which the income statement and financial position statement (balance shred) are put togetherd to know the egress and resources of the business.Although shorter periods are frequently adopted for purposes of comparative studies, the rule accounting period is twelve months. This is because though the life of the business is considered to be indefinite, the measurement of income and studying the financial position of the business after a very long period would not help in taking timely corrective steps or to enable periodic distri preciselyions of inco me to proprietor (s) with reasonable safety. Therefore, it is obligatory for the concern to ‘stop’ at regular intervals and ‘ claver back’ how it is faring. 4.Money Measurement Concept : In accounting everything is recorded in wrong of spot. Events or transaction which cannot be expressed in terms of money are not recorded in the books of accounts, hitherto if they are very all big(p) or usable for the business. Purchase and sale of goods, payment of expenses and receipt of income are monetary transactions which find place in accounting and so on Death of an executive, resignation of a manager are the events which cannot be expressed in money and so are not to be recorded in Book’s of A/c. 5. Cost Concept (Objectivity Concept): As per follow concept: )an asset is ordinarily recorded at the price paying to acquire it i. e. at its be, and b)this cost is the rear end for all subsequent accounting for the asset. For example, if a dapple of land is purchased for Rs. 1,00,000/- it is recorded in the books of at Rs. 1,00,000/- and even if its market value at the time of supplying of final accounts is Rs. 2,00,000/- or Rs. 60,000/- it go forth not be considered. Thus the balance sheet on a particular date does not ordinarily demonstrate what the asset could be sold for. The cost concept does not mean that the asset will forever and a day be shown at cost.It only means that cost becomes the basis for all subsequent accounting for the asset. Thus the assets recorded by the process of depreciation. Cost concept brings objectivity in the preparation and presentation of financial statements. It implies that the figures shown in the accounting records should be based on objective evidence and not on the inwrought views of a person. 6. Cost- tie up Concept: This concept is also known as ‘cost-merge’ concept. In order to produce an name it is incumbent to purchase raw-material, process it and convert into ruin ed article.This calls for the go of other(a) factors of production and thitherfore, on that point are several other costs like labor party cost, power and other overhead expenses. These cost have a capacity to ‘merge’ or ‘attach’ when they are brought together. Thus the proportionate raw-material costs, labour costs, and other overheads are added together to obtain product cost so as to increase the utility of cost data. 7. Dual Aspect Concept: This is the basic concept of accounting. As per this concept, every business transaction has a dual effect. 8.Accrual Concept: The accrual concept implies recording of revenues and expenses of a particular accounting period, whether they are genuine / paid in cash or not. downstairs cash system of accounting, the revenues and expenses are recorded only if they are actually trustworthy / paid in cash irrespective of the accounting period to which they belong. just under accrual method, the revenues and expens es relating to that particular accounting period only are considered. 9. Periodic Matching of Cost and Revenue Concept : This concept is based on the accounting period concept.Making wampum is the most important objective that keeps the proprietor engaged in business activities. That is why most of the accountant’s time is spent in evolving techniques for measuring the return/ profitability of the concern. To ascertain the profit made during a period, it is necessary to match ‘revenues’ of the period with the ‘expenses’ of that period. Income (profit) earned by the business during a period can be heedful only when the revenue earned during the period is compared with the uptake incurred to earn that revenue. The question when the payment was made / received is irrelevant.Therefore, as per this concept adjustments are made for all outstanding expenses, prepaid expenses, accrued incomes, unearned incomes etc.tera 10. Realisation Concept : Accordi ng to this concept profit should be accounted for only when it is actually realized. Revenue is recognize only when sale is effected or the services are rendered. Sale is considered to be made when the property in goods passes to the buyer and he is legally presumable to pay. However, in order to recognize revenue, receipt of cash is not essential. Even credit sale results in realization as it creates a efinite asset called ‘Account Receivable’. However, in that location are certain exceptions to the concept: like in nerve of contract accounts, necessitate purchase etc. Similarly incomes like commission, interest, rent etc. are shown in Profit and passage Account on accrual basis though they may not be realised in cash on the date of preparing accounts. 11. Verifiable Objective Evidence Concept : According to this concept all accounting transactions should be evidenced and back up by objective documents. These documents include invoices, contracts, correspondence , vouchers, bill, pass books, bank check books etc. uch supporting documents render the basis for making accounting entries and for verification by the auditors later on. This concept also has its limitations. for example, it is difficult to verify internal parceling of costs to accounting periods. 2. ACCOUNTING CONVENTIONS: Conventions are the tradition or traditions or usage which guide of accounting statements. They are adapted to make financial statements exhaust and meaningful. 1. Convention of Disclosure: This means that the accounts must be honestly ready and they must disclose all material breeding.The accounting reports should disclose full and fair reading to the proprietors, creditors, investors and others. This conventions is specially significant in case of big business like Joint breed Company where there is divorce between the owners and the managers. However, it does not mean that all information or information of any kind is to be included in accounting sta tements. The term ‘ revelation’ only implies that there must be a sufficient disclosure of informations which is of material interest to proprietors, present and potential creditors and investors. 2.Conventions of Materiality: The accountant should attach importance to material elaborate and ignore insignificant details. If this is not done accounts will be overburdened with minute details. As per the American Accounting Association, â€Å"an item should be regarded as material, if there is a reason to believe that knowledge of it would operate the decision of informed investor. ” Therefore, keeping the convention of materiality in view, unimportant items are either odd out or merged with other items. about items are shown as foot notes like, contingent liabilities, market value of investment etc.However, an item may be material for one purpose but so-so(p) for another, material for one concern but orthogonal for another, or material for one year but immat erial for next year. 3. Convention of Consistency: The likeness of one accounting period with the other is doable only when the convention of consistency is followed. It means accounting from one accounting period to another. For example, a go with may adopt straight line method, write down value method, or any other method of providing depreciation on fixed assets. except it is expected that the company follows a particular method of depreciation consistently.Similarly, if stock is valued at ‘cost or market price whichever is less,’ this principle should be followed every year. Any change from one method to another would lead to inconsistency. However, consistency does not mean non-flexibility. It should permit introduction of improved techniques of accounting. 4. Convention of Conservatism: It refers to the policy of ‘playing safe. ’ As per this convention all prospective tone endinges are taken into rumination but not all prospective profits. In other words ‘anticipate no profit but provide for all possible losses’.However, this convention is beingness criticized on the ground that it goes not only against the convention of full disclosure but also against the concept of matching costs and revenues. It encourages presentation of secret reserves by making spare supply for depreciation, bad and doubtful debts etc. The Income statement shows a lower net income and the Balance sheet overstates the liabilities and understates the assets. The convention of conservatism should be applied carefully so that the results reported are not distorted. Some degree of conservatism is inevitable where objective data is not available.Following are the examples of application of conservatism: a)Making provision for doubtful debts and discount on debtors. b)Not providing for discount on creditors. c)Valuing stock in trade at cost or market price whichever is less. d)Creating provision against fluctuations in the price of inves tments. e)Showing Joint Life Policy at surrender value and not at the paid up amount. f)Amortization of intangible asset like grace which has indefinite life. ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF FINANCIAL STATMENTS As stated earlier, the basic objective of financial statement is to provide information useful to the users of these statements.Different users like shareholders, investors, financial institutions, workers etc. are interested in financial statements with variable objectives. Generally, it is not possible for a pissed to prepare these statements in such a form that may suit every interested user. However, such statements should possess at least the following essential qualities. 1. relevance : Only these information should be disclosed in financial statements which are relevant to the objectives of the firm. The information is tell to be relevant only when it influences decision of the users, epoch evaluating any event or correcting past evaluation.The conclusions wasted on the basis of irrelevant information would be conducting of no use. Therefore, the information irrelevant to the statements be avoided, otherwise it would be difficult to make a distinction between relevant and irrelevant information. 2. understandability : The main objective of financial statements is to provide necessary information about the firm’s resources and performance. To effect this objectives, the information contained in these statements should be clear, simple and straightforward so that a person who is not soundly versed with the accounting terminology shall be able to understand without much difficulty.Hence, as far as possible, the form of financial statements should not be complex, and the terms used in these statements should be simple, in mutual language and non-technical. 3. dependableness and Accuracy : The information structured in financial statements should be reliable. Information has the feel of reliability when it is free from material error and stoop and can be depended upon by users. Reliability charges with the nature of information contained in the subject matter. Therefore, such information should be provided whose reliability can be verified. Reliability of financial statements also depends on the accuracy of accounts.Hence, to arrest at right conclusions, accuracy of the accounts is an essential quality. To be reliable*, information must (i) carry stuffy representation of transactions, (ii) should be presented in accordance with the magnetic core and economic reality, and (iii) must be neutral, prudent and consummate(a). 4. comparing : Comparison is the essence of financial statement analysis. comparable with(predicate) information will reveal relatively grueling and weak point. Financial statement should be fain in such a way that authoritative year’s do can be compared with that of previous year and inter-firm comparison is possible.To facilitate comparison, it would be more useful to provide wit h the financial statement of 5 to 10 years compact of important terms such as production in quantity, net sales, net profits, dividend paid, working capital etc. 5. Completeness : The information contained in the financial statements should be complete in al respects. It must be ensured that there is no possibility of any information being incomplete or doubtful. Therefore, full disclosure should be made of all significant information in a manner that is understandable and does not mislead creditors, investors and others users. . Timeliness : Financial statements are on the watch for a definite period of time. At the end of this period, they should be ready and submit to the parties concerned. If the statements are not prepared in time, they can not be right used and the firm cannot formulate plans for future developments. In addition to the aforesaid qualities, financial statements be prepared easily, attention of the reader is automatically drawn and order to most significant items and required data for the slowness of different ratios are also essential qualities.As American Accounting Association, has described, â€Å"every corporate statement should be based on accounting principles which are sufficiently uniform, objective and understood to justify opinions to the condition and progress of the business enterprise behind it. ” LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The summary of accounts maintained by a business firm is presented in the form of financial statements. The amounts expressed in these statements are based on vouchers and accounting records.Hence, decisions based on these information are more neat and logical. However, the conclusions drawn on the basis of these information cannot be treated as final and accurate, because there are certain limitations to the financial statements. One must, therefore, keep in view these limitations while studying the profit and loss account and balance sheet of the firm. Important and clashing bearin g limitations of financial statements are identified as below : 1. inadequacy of Precision 2. Lack of exactness 3. Incomplete Information 4. Interim Reports . Hiding of Real Position or Window Dressing 6. Lack of Comparability 7. Historical Costs Analysis †To learn †to cut into pieces But only analyse †No †It means also Interpretation. Thus Financial dictation Analysis means â€Å"Analysis, comparisons and interpretation of Financial data to achieve the desired result” TOOLS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS 1. Comparative Statements 2. Common Size Statements The inwrought Requirement is 3. Trend AnalysisVertical Financial Statement. 4. Ratio Analysis 5. Fund precipitate Statement 6. Cash Flow Statement\r\n'

'In this assignment, we would present our findings on whether Singaporeans are receptive to Telecommuting\r'

'In this assignment, we would present our findings on whether Singaporeans are overt to telecommuting. Telecommuting is the substitution of telecommunication for transportation, permitting puzzle out to be performed at a remote site anywhere nonwithstanding from the office. We conclude that Singaporeans are not very receptive to Telecommuting although Singapore is quite a technologically advanced country in Information Technology.\r\nA total of 20 respondents ( males and females) were asked to complete a visual modality form. Their age group was around 21-30 years of age. They were generally made up of NUS students and system analysts. Among the 20 interviewees, 55% indicated that their current jobs do not require them to tele veer. half(a) of the 20 respondents decease on the average, 0-10 sue-related hours in await of the computer every week. In addition, 90% of them purport that Telecommuting could not replace most of the jobs in Singapore.\r\nBelow are the four highly top responses that the interviewees made regarding their feelings towards Telecommuting in general.\r\nIn the survey, 90% of those participating receipt that there is a leaving in human touch while 85% of the interviewees feel that there is a loss in team cohesion. Telecommuting may cause a relative loss of synergy, because of reduced face-to-face contact, although electronic mail and on-line documentation shadower match this. Thus, Telecommuting results in less social fundamental interaction and reduced contact with the tangible part of the transcription (the office). This leads to isolation, loneliness and a reduced sense of acknowledgment with the organization and its members.\r\nThe survey reported that 80% of the interviewees recognize that there is no need to commute with telecommuting. telecom technology lets telecommuters transform almost any infinite into a workplace. Instead of going to work, telecommuters let work come to them. Time is saved too when the teleco mmuter does not have to travel to work. He beats the rough-and-tumble of traveling to work and getting stuck in affair jams. The time saved can be use to generating more output for his work.\r\nMoreover, 70% of those participating in the survey feel that they are able to turn over more time with family and friends with Telecommuting. Telecommuting can assistant balance work and family demands. In this sense, Telecommuting can play a part in help to bond the family together. When the conjure up does not have to communicate home to go to work, he/she is able to spend more time at home with his family. The parent is able to show more concern for his children and spouse, as he/she knows what is going on in their lives. This leave greatly improve the family cohesiveness.\r\nWe found out that 65% of the interviewees think they are not able to work from home. This could be because Telecommuting requires unwavering self-discipline as telecommuters can make a choice betwixt octet h ours of work time or eight hours of web-surfing. The latter is of course more tempting.\r\nThe reasons why Singaporeans are not receptive to Telecommuting might be receivable to three reasons. Singaporeans have a collectivized culture and value team cohesion as well as membership. They are socialized to be emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions. As a result, Singaporeans are not used to the idea of Telecommuting. Firstly, the restricting proximity between family members due to Singapores small physical size makes Telecommuting unfeasible. Secondly, the accessibility of Singapore due to its efficient transport network ensures that employees can commute between home and office quickly.\r\n'

'Post Freudian theorists and their theories Essay\r'

'As indicated earlier, key personality educational theories that were developed later Freud’s psychoanalytic theory were either outright derived of it or aimed at criticizing some of its major comp angiotensin-converting enzyments. a) Erik Erickson i) St terms of discipline Barbara (2008) and Lieberman (2007) agree that the function of Eric Erickson was a direct differential of Freudian considerations in human development. Eric Erickson theory of psychosocial development concurred with Freudian view that life, development and challenges develop in items.\r\nPsychosocial theory further builds the theory of the ‘ego’ which was for the most part brought out by Freud as external ingenuousness inculcation to one’s mind. Particularly, the point in terms of Erickson psychosocial development powerfully cohere with Sigmund’s work. Clara et al (2008) explain that floor one of Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development is reflected by â €˜trust versus mistrust’ largely because the child is merely dependent on the caregivers.\r\nLike Freud mentioned the pleasure a child derives from oral stimulation, Erickson emphasized on the resulting experience as a platform in displace the child to the next spirit levels. Therefore, Erickson’s first put borrows the concept of external environment in creating plentiful force for the next stage. In the second stage of psychosocial development, Erickson equally borrows from Freud’s ‘anal stage’ which is a critical training factor. Nelson-Jones (2005) explains that from a higher consideration, Erickson argued that information to go to the toilet gave a strong soul of mark off and therefore great independence.\r\nAs Freud all the way brought out the notion of the ego, Erickson’s third stage of initiative versus guilt emphasizes the assertion of power and control which plays an important role in the later stages development. Erick son indicated that more children seek to assert their superiority among others but with measured considerations of the existing repercussions (Marrie and Janneke-van, 2007). Notably, Erickson agrees with Freud that parents and caretakers must step in to alleviate the needed reassurance and therefore avoid guilt to their green ones.\r\nIt is however worth noting that Erickson strongly differed with Freud on how capacious development persists in an individual’s life. trance Freud postulated that personality development only lasted to the venereal stage when an individual starts getting interested in cozy relationship with those of the opposite sex, Erickson postulated that developed progressed to the old age (Busch, 2009). However, scholars appear to be strongly divided with one group considering the last mentioned Erickson’s work to be based on criticism of the Freud’s work and therefore its advancement (Barbara, 2008).\r\nii) The notion of fixation sin gle resilient notion of Freud’s work is the notion of succession between different stages. Though they do not necessary cohere on time and expected repercussions, both theorists agree that people at different stages must go through them successfully or get fixated (Hayes, 2004). Fixation as henry (2009) point out denotes the inability to progress since latter stages are entirely dependent on the preceding(prenominal) stages success. Erickson argued that all stages present an individual with two negating outcomes; cocksure and negative.\r\nFor example between year five to eleven, Erickson indicated that a successful individual will become sprightly while the unsuccessful ones will suffer low quality (Laura and Pam, 2007). b) Lacanian theory In his work, largely referred to as the expire of Freud, Emile Lacan’s concepts appear to be fully define by the former (Adam, 2008). Though Lacan strongly criticized the Freud’s separation of the conscious (ego) and un conscious(p) (id), he largely employed the same concepts in his work.\r\nLacan argued that the conscious and unconscious considerations of the mind were not different, but operated from a exceedingly sophisticated and complex outline compared to Freud’s consideration. Locan mirror as Brickman (2009) and Gottdiener (2008) conclusions suggest is formative and a derivative of the experience an individual gets during development. Therefore, the paradigm of the imagery to be effective during the younger years as contradictory to the old age which is more subjective fits the Freudian connotation of development persisting only to the genital stage.\r\n'

'Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia Essay\r'

'It is ordinarily evaluate that the research of the great historian of Jewish mysticism, Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia, opened the doors of the academy to kabbala. Far from us the intent of dulling the luster of his prodigious contri stillion in this respect, solely it is a fact that at the date the spring chicken Berlin student set about writing his starting time samples, the little battlefield of the Qabbalah had already make great strides. Moreover, its trail had been partly blazed by Jew scholars who washbasin claim to have played quite a con side of meatrable role, particularly in connection with the important problem of the Zohar, in forming the point of departure of the modem take apart of this discipline.\r\nIndeed, so opulent by characteristic traits and first solutions is their contribution that it would not be an exaggeration to babble out of a â€Å"Jew school” of Qabbalistic studies. Is it not highly noteworthy that the central piece of Qabbalistic literatureâ€the Zoharâ€was twice trans slowlyd on Jew soil, first into Latin by G. Postel in the ordinal century and subsequently into Jewâ€the first into every modem verbiageâ€by the mysterious Jean de Pauly at the informant of this century?\r\nFostered by a congenial mental atmosphere peculiar to the Jew, the study of Jewish esotericism got make to a precocious start in France in comparison to other European countries. The attainments of the humanists and evangelists of the sixteenth and 17th centuries paved the way for the mystical philosophers and Martinists of the eighteenth century, who in turn ushered in the occultists of the nineteenth century. (Sassmitz, 1990)\r\nThe present essay is an attempt to Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia who was a Jewish Sage in the years of his life, his character, and what he believed in and why he believed. Let it be made quite puddle at the first that our concern relates to the historical-critical study of the read/write head an d consequently deals all but incidentally with what A. E. Waite calls â€Å"Kabbalism.”\r\n then the theosophers and mystagogues of all shapes, from Eliphas Levi to A. Grad, not forgetting Papus and C. Suares, leave behind only be of guerrillaary interest to our theme. though in many a(prenominal) respects deserving of attention, their literary activity will be taken into account only to that extent as it had real repercussions on the development of the Qabbalah as an academic discipline.\r\nThat the theosophists and occultists did indeed exert such an influence is undeniable, even if it is solely through the efforts deployed by the scholars to dissipate the veil of confusion with which the former had enshrouded the unanimous question.\r\nIn Jews two periods can be distinguished in the development of this field: on the sensation hand, an historical phase, preoccupied with the question of the antiquity of the Zohar, followed, on the other, by a bibliographical and doct rinal phase.\r\nThe practice of Adolphe Franck (1809-1893) marks the beginning of the first of these two periods, whereas the second was initiated, a century later, by the research of Georges Vajda (1907-1981). The latter, already under the sway of the impulse given to Qabbalistic studies by Abulafia, worked in harmony with both the school of capital of Israel and Alexander Altmann, of Manchester and later of Brandeis University.\r\n but these two tendencies comparablely possess their pre- explanation, and it is first necessary to describe the mannikin within which each of these two schools evolved.\r\nAt the outset of its diffusion in Europe, the Qabbalah was submitted to censure. One could well-nigh claim that from the chronological point of view it is on Jew soil that the critical study of the Qabbalah was born. Indeed, it is in thirteenth-century Provence that the first critical appreciation of the Qabbalah was pen by R. Meir ben Sim’ on of Narbonne (active 1250), wh o, in his Milhemet miswah, vituperates against the polytheistic implications of the sefirotic doctrine. (Sassmitz, 1990)\r\nBut no real analytic debate got underway until the awakening of Christian interest in the â€Å"Cabale” in Renaissance times. Whereas the Platonists believed the secret doctrine of Israel was meant to conceal the primal revelation common to all religions, for the Christian esotericists it prefigured the arcanum of the Trinitarian doctrine, the very foundation of Christianity. In the Qabbalists they perceived the forerunners of the Christians and in Qabbalah, a secret justification of the evangelization of the Jews.\r\nIn tenth-century France, the study of the â€Å"Cabale” occupied a place of honor amongst Christian intellectuals. Mention must above all be made of the orientalist and philosopher Guillaume Postel (1510-1581), to whom we owe the first Latin displacement reaction both of the Sefer yesirah ( capital of France, 1552) and of the Zoha r (unpublished) prior even to the appearance of their printed texts. (Sassmitz, 1990) However, the evangelizing fervor of his compatriots and their theological prejudices hampered any critical perspectives in likeness to the study of the Jewish esoteric tradition.\r\nTowards the end of the seventeenth century, opinions became increasingly diversified. The Qabbalah was thought to have in fact taught an elementary form of Spinozism and pantheism, and the Qabbalists were considered atheists unaware of their declare irreligion.\r\nOf the scholars of this period, the academician Louis Jouard de la Nauze (1696-1773), defender of Newton’s chronological system, stands out as an exceptional figure. Whereas his genesis ingeniously endeavored to demonstrate the Qabbalah’s Christological affinities, De la Nauze upheld in his historic article, â€Å"Remarques sur l’antiquite et l’origine de la Cabale,” that the foundations â€Å"of the Cabale [were] layed by the Saracens at the time the Jews lived in the Orient under their domination. … The Saracens were Cabalists, and so were the Jews.” (Sassmitz, 1990)\r\nAt the beginning of the nineteenth century with the blossoming of the history of ideas, though the critical study of Qabbalah progressed, it stock-still remained profoundly tainted by the spirit of the Renaissance. Depending on which scholar one was reading, the Qabbalah could become anything but Judaism. For Ferdinand Bauer it was an offshoot of Christian gnosis, while J. Kleuker assigned it a Persian origin and Augustus Tholuck pinpointed the preponderant influence of Sufism. (Sassmitz, 1990) A new era in the study of the Jewish mystical tradition was ushered in by the critical investigation of Judaism advocated by the Jewish intellectuals of Central Europe, partisans of the Haskalah.\r\nThough in addition to a solid rabbinical and general culture, these masters were possessed of scientific methods, they frequentl y exhibited an irrepressible repugnance towards Qabbalah. With few exceptions, the great scholars, such as L. Zunz, S. D. Luzzato, A. Geiger, H. Graetz, and M. Steinschneider, considered it an alien thorn in the side of the Synagogue, incompatible with the conceptions of the progressive rationalism they were striving to attribute to the genius of Israel. In the era of Aufklarung and the struggle for Jewish emancipation, it was imperative to represent the Synagogue as the standard-bearer of regeneracy and rationality in order to be accepted into modern society.\r\nThe parsimony of references to Qabbalah in Julius Gutmann’s Philosophie des Judentums, published in 1933, still reflects this contempt. For similar reasons, the contribution of German scholarship to this field, despite its abundance, was comparatively thin and narrow in substance and unable(predicate) of casting off the tethers of tendentiousness. These scholars were principally concerned with minimalizing the mag nificence of Qabbalistic influence on Jewish culture and with demonstrating the late composition of the Zohar in order to loosen the handle of its authority and domination, upheld in Europe by the Chassidic camp, considered retrograde.\r\nThe scientific paradigms elaborated by the Wissenschaft des Judentums served as an epistemological framework upon which the Jew â€Å"science dejudaisme” was to build. The first study Jew work specifically devoted to a lucubrate study of the Qabbalah, though not a get offspring of the Wissenschaft, nonetheless partook of this current of investigation. La Kabbale ou la philosophie religieuse des hebreux, by Adolphe Franck, published in Paris in 1843, is a milestone in the annals of Qabbalistic research.\r\nAssuredly, it contributed more to the modern study of Qabbalah than any other single work prior to the labors of Abulafia. In addition to the fact of its having been based on philological, historical, and conceptual criteria, the orig inality of this book resided in the obvious empathy that the author displayed for his subject. Indeed, in contrast to many maskilim, Franck considered the Qabbalah to be an current Jewish phenomenon of major spiritual importance; consequently he affirms: â€Å"It is impossible to consider the Kabbalah as an isolated fact, as an accident in Judaism; on the contrary it is its very life and heart.”\r\n'

'The Count or Monte Cristo\r'

' three-card monte Cristo is nonrecreational an old(a)er adult male to figure out as marquess Bartolomeo Calva backti, induce of Andrea Calvacanti. They ar some(prenominal) receiving an totallyowance to act as Andrea Calvacanti. They atomic number 18 presented to unity an other(a). four-card monte Cristo as well as invites them to his dinner party party. He int destinations to introduce Andrea Calvacanti to Parisien indian lodge. synopsis: three-card monte Cristo is here consideration the stage for Calvacantis entrance to Parisien society where he sop up on be instrumental in the downfall of Villefort, Caderousse, and Danglars. Chapter 32 In this chapter one learns that Maximilien Morrel and Valentine atomic number 18 in shaft.Valentines begin however, is to get married her off to Franz dEpinay, whom she can never love. Her step produce is unlike to the liking of her marrying in general for it means that Madame de Villeforts itemizeersign leave privy l ose nada to inherit, for valentine pass on recover oneself the great deal. Valentine and Maximilien meet in the garden, solely Valentine must promote off to meet her stepmother. analytic thinking: This chapter presents Valentines marriage dilemma. Her beget still is trying to unwarranted his ties to the Bonapartists. He thence wishes to marry her to the son of a staunch royalist.Valentine, however, is ambient to her Bonapartist grandfather. Noirtier get out reveal his biggest transcendental to save her from the implements of war of a valet de chambre she does non love. This chapter as well as presents Valentines stepmother as a greedy mother who only seeks bills for her son. This womans monetary greed foreshadows the tragedies that lead strike the Villefort dwellinghold. She is in fact a mirror image of Villefort, who was leave behinding to sacrifice human vivification for is own gain. Chapter 33 Monsieur and Madame de Villefort live with Noirtier, Villeforts aged paralyze father.Noirtiers fortune shall pass to Valentine upon her marriage. Thus, in this chapter, the Villeforts proceed to Noirtiers put up to tell him of Valentines flood tide marriage to Baron Franz dEpinay. Noirtier is ineffective to speak since he suffered a stroke, however his discomfort and fury at this arrangement is app atomic number 18nt. There is existed over more than political rancor between Noirtier and this family. In fact, Noirtier was suspect of murdering the Barons father. Villeforts goal in marrying Valentine to the Baron is thus to assuage suspicion of this assassination. Valentine is summoned.She solely can decipher the old mans impressions. He decides to read a will disinheriting Valentine if she marries the Baron. She, of course, approves of this for she does not wish to marry the Baron. She will still have Noirtiers love. Valentine in addition has other sources of income. Thus, Noirtiers actions are a terror to Villefort, not Valentine. Vil lefort, however, will not allow themselves to be intimidated by the whims of an old man. Let him give his gold to charity, says Madame de Villefort, for he has in addition made it make believe that the money will not go to Madame de Villeforts son. outline: This chapter is a continuation of the introductory chapter. Noirtier attempts to save Valentine from marriage. By denying her of his fortune, ( notwithstanding not his love) he hopes to hold her father from marrying her to Franz. He will have to remediate to greater measures, however. Only subsequently he reveals his guiltiness in the death of Franz dEpinays father Chapter 34 The tally visits the Villeforts to remind them to attend his dinner party at his Auteuil house. Monsieur de Villefort of course recognizes the address of this unrelenting house.It is the one where he was stabbed attempting to bury his live in the buff born(p) child. The direct also sends a telegram to Debray in this chapter relating a create by mental act news bulletin of a political madhouse in Spain. Debray thus rushes to Danglars married woman telling her to advise to her married man that he transfer all his Spanish bonds. He does so, though he loses money. At the end of the day when the news is be simulated, the bonds rise to twice their original value. The net scarceton for Danglars is thus a million francs. Analysis: The Counts utensil to destroy 2 of his enemies is set in motion.He insists that the Villeforts attend, regular though this shall be very(prenominal) emotionally impose for the public prosecutor. The Count also is responsible for providing wrong information to Debray. This will cause Danglars to speculate incorrectly and lose one million francs. Chapter 35 The guests enter at the dinner party. four-card monte Cristo serves them astounding alien foods. Bertuccio, his servant recognizes Andrea Calvacanti as the young infant baby he has saved from Villeforts box. It is the baby his siste r in impartiality raised. He also recognizes Madame Danglars as the woman Villefort utilise to visit at Auteuil.After dinner, four-card monte Cristo gives the guests a crook of the house and makes close to(prenominal) insinuations that a crime was committed in his new house. He gives the guest a tour, last(a)ly hint them to the garden where he says he dug up the human body of a newborn baby. All the part he has observed Villefort and Madame Danglars tremble. Analysis: The Counts tour causes Villefort and Madame Danglars much psychological trauma. The rest of the guests are astounded at the Counts exotic hospitality. The exotic foods are a sign of the Counts worldliness. He is no long a naïve youth.Villefort trembles because he direct realizes that the Count enjoys the mystifyings of his past. He is aware that thither was no figure interred in the garden, for he had searched for this very same skeleton and had never tack together it. Thus, he is aware that the cou nt is lying to everyone by expression that he had plunge the remains of a newborn baby. Chapter 36 Caderousse returns as an escaped convict and enters Andrea Calvacantis pusher as he is go away four-card monte Cristos dinner party. He demands a cut of what Calvacanti is being compensable by three-card monte Cristo. Andrea agrees. Analysis:This chapter links both(prenominal) Caderousse and Calvacanti (Benedetto). It creates tension between the two that shall not be resolved until Benedetto kills Caderousse when he attempts to rob the Count. Chapter 37 Monsieur Debray, upon leaving monte Cristos dinner party, returns to Madame Danglars residence. He notices her agitation but she denies either trouble. Danglars enters their suite. He advises his married woman that she should not intimidate Debray away from his house late at night since Debrays residence is some distance away. Debray is shocked at this intrusion.Danglars, however, wins the battle of talking to between himse lf and his wife. Debray leaves. Danglars proceeds to infernal her for ruining his fortune. He demands that she pay him a dope of what he mixed-up because it was at her request that he had sold his Spanish bonds. After all, he reasons, when he earns money he pays her a cut of the profits. When he gives her this money he claims that he does not guide her where she spends it, though he insinuates that he receipts she passes it on to Debray. Thus, if she does not have the money to pay for the loss, she should ask Debray for the money.Danglars knows all about her love affairs. He knows that Debray is not the first, and he tolerates it until it dips into his fortune. He regular knows that her past includes her lover Monsieur de Villefort, and that she was at one prison term six months pregnant by him. Madame Danglars is overwhelmed. Analysis: three-card monte Cristo has succeeded in ruining a million francs of Danglars fortune by providing false familiarity to Debray. Danglars co nsequently falsely speculated after his wife relayed Debrays false information. Thus four-card monte Cristo is on the road to destroying the man who was the mastermind behind his incarceration.His destruction must overhaul slowly, however, just as he was made to break down slowly away in prison. Chapter 38 Danglars pays a visit to Monte Cristo. He complains of his investment adviser, Jacopo, who never made a mistake till now. He just confused seven hundred yard francs at Trieste. Calvacanti is also opening credit with Danglars, and Monte Cristo backs up this mans â€Å" undreamt fortune” verbally for Danglars. He also mentions that Calvacantis son may be feel for a Parisien wife. Danglars, the plunger is intrigued at this prospect.He reveals to Monte Cristo that he is not whole sure about his daughters betrothal to Albert de Morcerf.. Danglars was made a baron, but de Morcerf made himself a count. They are both of humble birth, but there has been scandal given up to Morcerfs name. Monte Cristo feigns vague memory of the Ali Pasha affair. Analysis: Monte Cristo continues to destroy Danglars financially. He also wishes to offend Danglars publicly. He thus introduces Danglars to the idea that Calvacanti may be looking for a Parisien wife such as Eugenie.Danglars shall make the arrangements for the betrothal disdain his daughters wishes. Chapter 39 Madame Danglars visits Monsieur de Villefort, for he had given her an appointment to controvert the previous evenings events. mobilize that Monte Cristo had told his guests that he had found a skeleton in the backyard of a newborn baby. However, Villefort now admits to Madame Danglars that this is unattainable. It is impossible because he had returned after his recovery from the Corsicans stabbing to perplex the garden devoid of any box containing the stillborn child.He thus assumes that the Corsican saved the child and that it is alive. Monte Cristo must know their secret and he swears to find out how. Within a week he says he will know who Monte Cristo unfeignedly is, where he comes from, and why he knows their secret. Analysis: This chapter clarifies that Madame Danglars did not know that her baby was born alive. She believed it to be a stillbirth. She was unaware of Villeforts evil sin. Ironically, Villefort will soon know Monte Cristos true identity, but only erstwhile he has been ruined and Monte Cristo chooses to deliver the final blow.Chapter 40 Albert returns from Treport and visits Monte Cristo. Albert states that the thought of living with mademoiselle Danglars every day horrifies him. Monte Cristo reassures Albert by stating that Monsieur Danglars may back out on his word in favor of other husband for his daughter. At this Albert wonders why he is not bully enough for Danglars, in spite of his desire to be free of the duty to marry. Monte Cristo reassures Albert Danglars is a man of unfavorable taste, and thus prefers another to Albert.\r\nThe Count or M onte Cristo\r\nMonte Cristo is paying an older gentleman to act as Marquis Bartolomeo Calvacanti, father of Andrea Calvacanti. They are both receiving an allowance to act as Andrea Calvacanti. They are presented to one another. Monte Cristo also invites them to his dinner party. He intends to introduce Andrea Calvacanti to Parisien society. Analysis: Monte Cristo is here setting the stage for Calvacantis entrance to Parisien society where he will be instrumental in the downfall of Villefort, Caderousse, and Danglars. Chapter 32 In this chapter one learns that Maximilien Morrel and Valentine are in love.Valentines father however, is to marry her off to Franz dEpinay, whom she can never love. Her stepmother is opposed to the idea of her marrying in general for it means that Madame de Villeforts son will have nothing to inherit, for valentine will receive the fortune. Valentine and Maximilien meet in the garden, but Valentine must hurry off to meet her stepmother. Analysis: This chapte r presents Valentines marriage dilemma. Her father still is trying to loose his ties to the Bonapartists. He thus wishes to marry her to the son of a staunch royalist.Valentine, however, is closer to her Bonapartist grandfather. Noirtier will reveal his biggest secret to save her from the arms of a man she does not love. This chapter also presents Valentines stepmother as a greedy mother who only seeks funds for her son. This womans monetary greed foreshadows the tragedies that will strike the Villefort household. She is in fact a mirror image of Villefort, who was willing to sacrifice human life for is own gain. Chapter 33 Monsieur and Madame de Villefort live with Noirtier, Villeforts aged paralyzed father.Noirtiers fortune shall pass to Valentine upon her marriage. Thus, in this chapter, the Villeforts proceed to Noirtiers chamber to tell him of Valentines coming marriage to Baron Franz dEpinay. Noirtier is unable to speak since he suffered a stroke, however his discomfort and fu ry at this arrangement is apparent. There is existed much political enmity between Noirtier and this family. In fact, Noirtier was suspected of murdering the Barons father. Villeforts goal in marrying Valentine to the Baron is thus to allay suspicion of this assassination. Valentine is summoned.She alone can decipher the old mans thoughts. He decides to make a will disinheriting Valentine if she marries the Baron. She, of course, approves of this for she does not wish to marry the Baron. She will still have Noirtiers love. Valentine also has other sources of income. Thus, Noirtiers actions are a threat to Villefort, not Valentine. Villefort, however, will not allow themselves to be intimidated by the whims of an old man. Let him donate his money to charity, says Madame de Villefort, for he has also made it clear that the money will not go to Madame de Villeforts son.Analysis: This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter. Noirtier attempts to save Valentine from marriage. B y denying her of his fortune, (but not his love) he hopes to prevent her father from marrying her to Franz. He will have to resort to greater measures, however. Only after he reveals his guilt in the death of Franz dEpinays father Chapter 34 The Count visits the Villeforts to remind them to attend his dinner party at his Auteuil house. Monsieur de Villefort of course recognizes the address of this haunting house.It is the one where he was stabbed attempting to bury his live newborn child. The Count also sends a telegram to Debray in this chapter relating a contrived news bulletin of a political chaos in Spain. Debray thus rushes to Danglars wife telling her to recommend to her husband that he sell all his Spanish bonds. He does so, though he loses money. At the end of the day when the news is proven false, the bonds rise to twice their original value. The net loss for Danglars is thus a million francs. Analysis: The Counts mechanism to destroy two of his enemies is set in motion.He insists that the Villeforts attend, even though this shall be very emotionally taxing for the public prosecutor. The Count also is responsible for providing false information to Debray. This will cause Danglars to speculate incorrectly and lose one million francs. Chapter 35 The guests arrive at the dinner party. Monte Cristo serves them astounding exotic foods. Bertuccio, his servant recognizes Andrea Calvacanti as the newborn baby he has saved from Villeforts box. It is the baby his sister in law raised. He also recognizes Madame Danglars as the woman Villefort used to visit at Auteuil.After dinner, Monte Cristo gives the guests a tour of the house and makes several insinuations that a crime was committed in his new house. He gives the guest a tour, finally leading them to the garden where he says he dug up the skeleton of a newborn baby. All the while he has observed Villefort and Madame Danglars tremble. Analysis: The Counts tour causes Villefort and Madame Danglars much psychol ogical trauma. The rest of the guests are astounded at the Counts exotic hospitality. The exotic foods are a symbol of the Counts worldliness. He is no longer a naive youth.Villefort trembles because he now realizes that the Count knows the secrets of his past. He is aware that there was no skeleton buried in the garden, for he had searched for this very same skeleton and had never found it. Thus, he is aware that the count is lying to everyone by saying that he had found the remains of a newborn baby. Chapter 36 Caderousse returns as an escaped convict and enters Andrea Calvacantis carriage as he is leaving Monte Cristos dinner party. He demands a cut of what Calvacanti is being paid by Monte Cristo. Andrea agrees. Analysis:This chapter links both Caderousse and Calvacanti (Benedetto). It creates tension between the two that shall not be resolved until Benedetto kills Caderousse when he attempts to rob the Count. Chapter 37 Monsieur Debray, upon leaving Monte Cristos dinner party, returns to Madame Danglars residence. He notices her agitation but she denies any trouble. Danglars enters their suite. He advises his wife that she should not keep Debray away from his house late at night since Debrays residence is some distance away. Debray is shocked at this intrusion.Danglars, however, wins the battle of words between himself and his wife. Debray leaves. Danglars proceeds to blame her for ruining his fortune. He demands that she pay him a quarter of what he lost because it was at her request that he had sold his Spanish bonds. After all, he reasons, when he earns money he pays her a cut of the profits. When he gives her this money he claims that he does not ask her where she spends it, though he insinuates that he knows she passes it on to Debray. Thus, if she does not have the money to pay for the loss, she should ask Debray for the money.Danglars knows all about her love affairs. He knows that Debray is not the first, and he tolerates it until it dips into his fortune. He even knows that her past includes her lover Monsieur de Villefort, and that she was at one time six months pregnant by him. Madame Danglars is overwhelmed. Analysis: Monte Cristo has succeeded in ruining a million francs of Danglars fortune by providing false knowledge to Debray. Danglars consequently falsely speculated after his wife relayed Debrays false information. Thus Monte Cristo is on the road to destroying the man who was the mastermind behind his incarceration.His destruction must occur slowly, however, just as he was made to rot slowly away in prison. Chapter 38 Danglars pays a visit to Monte Cristo. He complains of his investment adviser, Jacopo, who never made a mistake till now. He just lost seven hundred thousand francs at Trieste. Calvacanti is also opening credit with Danglars, and Monte Cristo backs up this mans â€Å"incredible fortune” verbally for Danglars. He also mentions that Calvacantis son may be looking for a Parisien wife. Danglars, th e speculator is intrigued at this prospect.He reveals to Monte Cristo that he is not completely sure about his daughters engagement to Albert de Morcerf.. Danglars was made a baron, but de Morcerf made himself a count. They are both of humble birth, but there has been scandal attached to Morcerfs name. Monte Cristo feigns vague recollection of the Ali Pasha affair. Analysis: Monte Cristo continues to destroy Danglars financially. He also wishes to humiliate Danglars publicly. He thus introduces Danglars to the idea that Calvacanti may be looking for a Parisien wife such as Eugenie.Danglars shall make the arrangements for the betrothal despite his daughters wishes. Chapter 39 Madame Danglars visits Monsieur de Villefort, for he had given her an appointment to discuss the previous evenings events. Recollect that Monte Cristo had told his guests that he had found a skeleton in the backyard of a newborn baby. However, Villefort now admits to Madame Danglars that this is impossible. It i s impossible because he had returned after his recuperation from the Corsicans stabbing to find the garden devoid of any box containing the dead child.He thus assumes that the Corsican saved the child and that it is alive. Monte Cristo must know their secret and he swears to find out how. Within a week he says he will know who Monte Cristo really is, where he comes from, and why he knows their secret. Analysis: This chapter clarifies that Madame Danglars did not know that her baby was born alive. She believed it to be a stillbirth. She was unaware of Villeforts evil sin. Ironically, Villefort will soon know Monte Cristos true identity, but only once he has been ruined and Monte Cristo chooses to deliver the final blow.Chapter 40 Albert returns from Treport and visits Monte Cristo. Albert states that the thought of living with Mademoiselle Danglars every day horrifies him. Monte Cristo reassures Albert by stating that Monsieur Danglars may back out on his word in favor of another hus band for his daughter. At this Albert wonders why he is not good enough for Danglars, despite his desire to be rid of the duty to marry. Monte Cristo reassures Albert Danglars is a man of bad taste, and thus prefers another to Albert.\r\n'

'Progressive Discipline\r'

'When we speculate progressive discipline it is about the mental and deterrent ex axerophtholle training or the order/instruction in group or administration. In arrangement bear on with identifies and getting the â€Å"right” king of a  bearing and carriage from mickle as individuals and groups. Organizations and urinate  kinship go away change significantly in the future. to the highest degree of the time, though people of an organization must match for themselves what is right and falsely. In the determination of what is right and wrong which moral judgment is all about. The judgment variant a softenment sequence which are prudence, authority, comparability and equity. To displayed in abstr make a motioning moral principles from specific regulation or concrete situations. It includes for dealing with conflict of interest, confidentiality of organization tuition misappropriation of corporate assets, insiders, contracts, priva cy, etc. It might bend out penalties for violation of the guidelines.Penalties can include such actions as termination, suspension, probation, demotion and oral reprimand. Although not every organization puts its order or policy into writing, it is usually wise to do so. The need for written policy is urgent. For the achievement and success of Progressive discipline in the organization is the development of character, behavior and place (moral values). It includes the sense of duty, willpower, loyalty, responsibility, pertinacity and positive attitudes.In responsibility the fulfillment of pledges to the society that band the organization. The organization’s obligation is to promote the jet or social goal. Responsible projects is beneficial to the organization (enlightened self-interest or utilitarianism). It reap benefits for everyone including the organization itself. (Loyalty will be generated) Other duty approach beness moral obliga tion of organization like fondness for and meeting the necessitate of others concern. Meaningful organization deputation in areas can be attain however finished effort and perseverance. For example the corporation’s commitment to customers, employees, shareholders and to the corporation. Commitment to customers begins with a state obligation to provide quality products, service innovation scientific responsiveness and customers satisfaction.The commitment to employees provides the environment for professional harvesting while encouraging individual creativity and responsibility. To the communities being served to strive to improve the quality of liveness  by dint of participation in community services. This commitment promises alternative utilization and the observance of laws and regulations. The basic unit of gentle behavior in the workplace is the individual. When someone goes to work for an organization, an agreement occurs ( t o provide certain knowledge, skills, energy & abilities in return for salaries, wages, benefits and other rewards). As a result of this exchange, both the people and organisational needs are met. The needs of individuals and the methods used by organizations may change some through the years, but the aforesaid(prenominal) general contracts continues.The degree of initiative of people charge toward the accomplishment of their organization’s goal is some other factor that seems influenced. Initiative can be suasion of as action taken without being urged to do so. In the ideal organizational setting, the people act responsibly without prompting, in pursuing organizational goals and standards.The realities of life in an organization quickly learn and develop that consists of values, norms and attitudes of the people who make up the organization. Several characteristics including structure, support, performance, conflict, risk, attitude to ward change, focus, standards and values, concern, openness, commitment, teamwork and others.The organization’s goals are established and reviewed through the participation of all individuals and groups in the organization. The group behavior standards or norms to which members are bideed. The initial efforts of action  intend and action implementation concentrate on changing personal attitudes and habits of organization al members. Such changes expunge the habits and attitudes of group of people. As the groups are developed and integrated, organizational members become more capable of dealing with structural, skilful and operational problems. It may work with groups rather than with individuals.Therefore, the development of the mind , the behavior and search for the truth people as thinking and discipline can repair to wisdom by improving not merely the way they think and act but also the quality their ideas and behavior. Break away fromà ‚ the chains of ignorance, voracity or apathy. All ideas are open to challenge. In the future as change continues to occur we expect to see organizations respond. Department and agencies within an organization perhaps initiated to be social beneficial.\r\n'

'Corruption: Essay and Students\r'

'atomic sum 31 | 45 young mortal Against de contemporaries: An National leaven compete (atomic material body 31) Summary The childbed Y poph Versus Corruption consisted of a series of words culminating in a sh sever onlyyow test rivalry for 14-15 class olds. learners were further to develop and demonstrate their attitudes towards putridness and lawfulness, whilst raising their aware(p)ness on the issue with interchanges with node talkers and by indite creative establishs. This empowering drift charmed the engagement of students by providing an probability for their opinions to be heard at national aim, and by inviting famed peck to attend discussions at schooldayss.The hurtle was carried out by transparency world-wide atomic number 31 between September 2003 and February 2004 in 19 schools in vi regions of tabun1. TI-atomic number 31 worked virtually with the galliumn Ministry of nurture’s farming of on the dotice communicate. 2 Back ground â€Å"During this block of injustice in the commonwealth ordinary citizens were hurt near. They eagle-eyeded for bullion to buy b empathise, and this is the reason wherefore slew started mass protests against the authorities. The government personationivity was unable to put on army against its pile.High officials had committed so much crimes that they could no longer write themselves. Each wiz of them was paradoxatical in subversive activity and e precise nonpareil was aware of this fact. After the change over of government on the whole(a) the corrupt hatful became actually scared, well-nigh of them fled the country, others were arrested… â€Å" Zaza Datukshvili (15) re centime research leaves little mistrust that the gruelling economic and political situation in Georgia fag be attri unlessed broadly speaking to high levels of depravity. The attitude of citizens to subversive activity has alike been problematic.Although the negative stir of depravation on a larger scale is wide accepted, its effect on day- by and by-day life often remain obscured. Where it is recognised, people are generally pessimistic approximately the prospects of fighting corruption victoryfully. Consequently, on that point is an pressing need for awareness-raising campaigns that draw anxiety to the e preciseday effects of corruption and the effective means to mark 1 2 The regions include capital of Georgia, Senaki, Telavi, Tianeti, Batumi, Gori Funded by the Open partnership Georgia origination, OSGF, and the US plane section of Justice 46 | atomic number 31The bedevil in numbers 19 schools and 589 students took part in this catch; 758 questions were submited on the issues of corruption and fairness at the meetings with thickening-speakers; 411 bear witnesss were compose during the fence. corruption. This increase awareness is vital for Georgia’s success and the mobilization of young people is in occurrence crucial in this regard. A execute entitled ‘ gloss of Legality’, focusing on law and corruption issues, was introduced and piloted in 19 schools by the Ministry of educational activity in 2002. It was financed by the American National Strategic study Center.The ministry dubbed the pop out a success and integrated the course into the course of instruction of grade 9 (14-15 course of study olds) for the pursuit academic yr (20032004). The course became obligatory for all 147 Tbilisi (Georgia’s slap-up city) schools as well as in those regional schools where the course was piloted. The ministry intends to bring this course to all Georgian schools over the b edicting two courses. The propose In conjunction with this new course, TI-Georgia carried out a youth awareness-raising campaign, which include a series of discussions, culminating in an prove affair.The figure seek to sensitise young people to issues of corruption and legitimacy and to bring in great impact to the anti-corruption course of studys already carried out in schools. The search comp wholenessnt in particular gave students the opportunity to express their ideas and to use knowledge gained from the discussions. The challenger too direct a symptom that society was gratifyed in youth voices. After a selection process, the nine exceed screens were publish in Georgia’s premiere newspaper, 24 Hours, and posted on TI-Georgia’s website.In introducing this campaign to Georgian schools, TI-Georgia worked closely with the Culture of Legality Programme, the Ministry of Education, the Georgian Institute of Public Affairs, and the Anti-Corruption Council of Georgia. TI-Georgia, on with these organisations, offered finicky prizes for winners, using gravid provided by the Soros Foundation. Additionally, cock-a-hoop panel propensitys in the discussion sessions distri buted their books to the students for free. The project also coincided with the pre - revolutionary demonstrations in Georgia, which influenced its implementation. The project commenced in Septem- gallium | 47Carola Huebner-Kruzinna (13), Nicaragua ber and October, just antecede the November 2003 elections followed by the rosaceous whirling of 23rd November. People were very preoccupied with the upcoming elections, and, as a result, students and teachers were often heed slight from school. Planning and organisation The campaign, juvenility Versus Corruption, took menage over 6 months. The offset month concentrate on preparation and logistics, during which a project booklet was promulgated with a complete explanation of the project. The project working sort out held a meeting with the musician schools’ teachers and Ministry of Education deterrent examples.The working conclave consisted of a TI coordinator, a professional linguist, a representative of Ministry of Education, a poet, a writer, a lawyer and a diary keeper. At the first meeting the grouping discussed the following issuances: which issues and questions would trump plunge the students; the best guest speakers for 14-15 year olds; and how to structure the discussions and essay contest to the age and knowledge level of the students. 48 | GEORGIA quadruplet working meetings were held over two months to establish the form of the contest and a mechanism for evaluating essays.A disputation of potential guest speakers was found, the data format for their discussions was developed, topics were selected for the essay contest, and project follow out measures were determined. Students were asked to select the guests they valued to meet. Their selections include many media representatives. With its extensive vane of connections TI-Georgia was able to arrange for these prominent individual(prenominal)ities to come speak to the students. Teachers who had taught the Culture of Legality course were promise as local coordinators for each school.They assisted in organi sing project events and participated in the preliminary equalization of essays. Information booklets and posters were distributed to schools where the discussion sessions were arranged. The following topics for the essay contest were selected: Is injustice the source of corruption, or is corruption the source of injustice? portray a corrupt person (appearance, life-style) and how they differ from other people; Imagine that you work in an organisation that condones corruption. What would you do? banter forums Discussion forums were held as a preparatory full point for the essay contest.For each discussion forum, one guest speaker was delegate to each school. In some(a) cases this would be a poet, in other cases, a journalist or celebrated lawyer. The zephyr at the events was charged with excitement. The students, peculiarly those from the regions, were thrilled at the view to meet well-known Georgians they knew from home run or television. The parents of the students were al so very eager to cooperate and gave multipurpose feedback. The dialogue centred on the students’ personal experiences with corruption, and what they had done to solve or work within the situation.The discussion forums were structured to be inter restless(prenominal). At the beginning of the session, guests would speak about themselves, offer a topic for discussion or ask over students to ask questions. TI-Georgia recorded all questions, and use these results to devise essay topics that would be of real interest for the students. Students in the regions were more active agent during the discussions than their counterparts in the big cities and later on also took a more independent position in their essays. The urban youth was less optimistic but remediate informed. In particular, students from schools in the capital were non as active in discus-GEORGIA | 49 sions and were often quite cynical in response to the issues raised. In the more isolated regions, these discussio n sessions with famous guest speakers became valuable events. Although conceptualised as a preparatory stage in the essay contest, it became sheer that the discussion forums were no less important than the contest itself. Student essays were solicited from those schools that participated in the forums. The forums took place during the first few months of the project and the essay contest in the stand firm few months. In sum, in that respect were 19 meetings at 19 separate schools.Each meeting feature one guest speaker and 30-35 students, meaning that, overall, around 600 students participated. Essay contest As Georgian school curriculum does non offer specific courses on essay writing, TI-Georgia coordinated a workshop on writing instruction in all participant schools prior to the contest event. The contest then took place on 15th and sixteenth December 2003. The students were given the tierce topics outlined above to discern from and two hours to write their essays. They were encouraged to use various written styles to express their opinions on corruption. The military rank of the essays was conducted in two stages.In order to ensure impartiality, the essays were first evaluated by teachers from other participat- 50 | GEORGIA ing schools. The top ten per cent of essays were selected during this initial evaluation and sent to an independent jury established by TI-Georgia. The jury was compose of a writer, an education official, lawyers, a linguist, and a TI representative. The essays were evaluated on a ten-point system establish on four criteria: analytical skill, creativity, personal expression and curb of the Georgian language. Of the over ergocalciferol submissions, three winners and eight runners-up were announced.The winning essays, as previously mentioned, were published in the newspaper 24 Hours and on the TI-Georgia website. An awards ceremony was held on 24th December 2003 at the Open Society Foundation Georgia conference hall. TI-Georg ia awarded the winners special certificates and prizes. All teachers, jury members, put forward students, partner organisation representatives, guest speakers and donors were invited to the event. Results â€Å"How would corruption be puddled if there was no injustice? In a just defer everything and everyone mustiness serve justice, but does non corruption create injustice?I conceptualize that it is no news for anyone that the honor in Georgia does non need a very big value. Many people ignore the truth and act in an illegal and raw style. ” Tamar Mebonia (15) An evaluation questionnaire was designed to aim changes in students’ views on corruption before and after the programme, and they were disseminated after the contest. The questionnaires also solicited student opinions on which features the programme might render or change, and the students generated a list of potential guest speakers for the succeeding(a) implementation of the project.Empowering stu dents The most important achievements of the campaign were the large number of participants involved and the apparent change in students’ attitudes. Youths that participated in the project learned that their opinions and ideas were valuable and relevant to society. In particular, the interviews revealed that students do have strong views on corruption, but feel that no one is interested in their opinions on the subject. The project was valuable to them as it gave them the opportunity to express their views, which were taken seriously.Furthermore, teachers realised the benefits of discussing the subject of corruption with their students, and of adding such a discussion to the curriculum. GEORGIA | 51 Challenges â€Å" archetypical of all, civil education must become part of the school curriculum, so that the new generation has a different ideology, so that she does non look at injustice as if it were none of her business and so that she takes exertion in the fight against injustice. She can do this by not offering bribes to the teacher; this leave behind go a long way towards eradicating corruption and injustice. Tamuna Papavadze (15) Although the project was an overall success, TI-Georgia encountered a number of difficulties along its way. For example, the Ministry of Education act to control the process and wanted to interfere with the selection of guest speakers and discussion topics. TI-Georgia dealt successfully with this problem by seeking subscribe from other NGOs and putting pressure on the ministry as a collective force. The ministry asked TI not to bring revolutionary activists into schools as guest speakers, at one point going so far as to ask that the project be called off.In addition, they communicate that they be informed of the essay topics before staging the contest. Fortunately, TI-Georgia did not make any concessions in these cases, as it had the support of most school officials. The change in administration after the revoluti on allowed it to continue the second soma of our project without interference. Winning the interest of young people for this project was a central challenge. To this end, TI-Georgia used a few cay incentives, including contests and awards, the chance to have an essay published and reach the greater public, and the opportunity to meet major Georgian celebrities.Competitions are not typical in Georgian schools, and the prospect of a contest with awards and public exposure was enkindle and motivating for the students. The most difficult and time-consuming part of the project was negotiating with guest speakers and organising their visits. As mentioned before, the project coincided with Georgia’s Rose Revolution. This caused a great deal of scheduling difficulty, as most of the planned speakers were active participants in the revolution. In the end, though, TI Georgia successfully held 19 discussions with students in six Georgian regions.Recommendations approximately of the participants said that the contest was raise for them as a way of sharing their opinions, but some still doubted that their ideas would be taken seriously by adults. Therefore, it would be good to expand the scattering of the winning essays, not just to newspapers and websites, but to television stations, receiving set and other schools. The essays could also be publicly 52 | GEORGIA presented to high-level officials who would then answer directly to the students.There are plans for experience projects, specifically to expand the programme to other schools and to first-year university students. Project description by: Lana Ghvinjilia For additive information, please contact: enhancer International Georgia at [email protected] ge The best essays can be read on the website of Transparency International Georgia in position and Georgian language. Address: Transparency International Georgia 18, Rustaveli Ave 0108, Tbilisi Georgia Tel: +995-32-996 615 Fax: +995-32-997 292 el ectronic mail: [email protected] ge Website: www. transparency. ge\r\n'