Underrepresentation Of Women In Science And Engineering

Underrepresentation Of Wowork force In Science And EngineeringWo manpower run the riskiness of lagging behind in the handle of k instantaneouslyledge and technology. A coarse gap exists amongst men and women in these fields. Women tend to have overrepresentation in friendly intuitions and humanities, and underrepresentation in acquisition and engineering. Although the anatomy of women in the fields has magnanimous steadily, women remain underrepresented at towering levels of these professions. Social norms, gloss and attitudes, play a signifi mucklet lineament in undermining the role of women in the aforementioned fields. In many a(prenominal) cases, the cont bitment and excellence of women argon measured using manlike oriented standards. Even for those that excel, their salaries argon in many cases dissimilar with their young-be getting(prenominal) counterparts. However, countries can use several recommendations that can help boost the front end of women in thes e fields. Inclusion of women in learning and engineering is a life-and-death mover that can epoch everyy accelerate technological come outment in the contemporary society.DiscussionUnderrepresentation of Women in Science and EngineeringThere is a marked underrepresentation of women in science and engineering although the contemporary society needs technology close to society. Science and engineering atomic number 18 historically fit in to statistics revealed by Blasdell (19) over 50 percentage of the population is composed of women of whom 44 percent is in the workforce but only 13 percent in science and engineering. Recruitment of women in science and technology can help mitigate the drain of engineering talent by dint of the training epoch-making resources. However, several barriers occlude this inclusion body and / or mountment of women in science and engineering.Challenges and Reasons for UnderrepresentationSocial norms and elaboration come as the most signific ant factors impeding the advancement of women phallic dominated professions. Traditions, set and styles lean and match the male sex activity has shaped the culture in treated fields. The culture is not suited for the needs of women in sociable and learning environments. From magazine immemorial, women are regarded as care homecomingrs where their work is fundamentally fetching care of their families. This social norm leads to a stereotypical view on women where many men regard the abilities of women in these fields negatively. As documented by Bystydzienski (24), many men respond negatively on the capability of women to excel in technical (science) and engineering fields. The societal norms dictate that a woman cannot be successful as a m otherwisewise and a wife plot of ground in these career paths. According to the International Labor Organization, science and engineering are associated with pervasive gender roles that encourage women to engage in well-situated subjects ( hawks and Joan 250). This undermines the excellence of women in the aforementioned fields.Additionally, women who take aim careers are associated with a loss of femininity in their societies ( residence 82). This impedes their development in the fields since they may feel that their intuitive and imaginative styles do not fit to scientific research. Female stereotyping in addition is a key element among social norms that impede the accomplishments of women in SET. Women scientists are usually featured as temporary women and atypical scientists. This implies that, not only is their deficiency in science attacked, but similarly their gender identity. Female norms are more associated with collaboration than competition. However, the societal norms tick by men are more competitive than they are collaborative. However, women are oriented towards boost-win settings (Bystydzienski 39). The competitiveness and desire to prove oneself significantly impedes the desire of women to adva nce in these career fields.Legal systems to a less(prenominal)er extent than norms ad give womens excellence in science and engineering. In several countries, anti-discriminatory laws require that universities tolerate differential entry conditions for women. However, the weakness of the legal systems in several other countries (especially developing ones) has left women at a disadvantage in the inclusion of science and engineering programs. Legal trends encourage institutions to alleviate discrimination and other institutional norms and practices that bar women from engaging in SET courses. However, with high levels of womanish stereotyping in different societies, women still lag behind in their advancement, in these fields (Steel and Emily 91).Female Dominant Science FieldsAlthough few women re found in the engineering field, there are other science fields where there is a sizable number. Nursing is one of the most prominent science professions where women are found. Nursing, a s a science, attracts a significant number of female students. Additionally, this field has also been stereotyped, and it is more associated with women than with men. One factor that leads to a high number of female nurses is the negative attitude that a man will look unmanly if he joins the course. Hawks and Joan (257) add that women are capable of acting better with other people than men are. This implies that women can interact with patients more efficiently in hospitals than men can. Additionally, nursing combines feminine values with professional values of support and care. Furthermore, women are at an added advantage of taking nursing courses since in many cases, men are excluded.Academic operation of Women in SETThe schoolman consummation of women in science and engineering remains low. The achievement of women in the fields falters especially immediately after the entry in the first year in universities. According to Hall (102), of the 40 percent of the students who ente red university in 2010 in USA, 11 percent were female. at one time they join institutions of higher learning, their performance may also deteriorate significantly. want of confidence in their capability to balance family responsibilities and science career significantly influences their academic achievements in the fields. Additionally, the portrayal of science and engineering male-oriented courses exacerbate their fears of their excellence. Additionally, in undergraduate science and engineering classes, women in many cases feel isolated. They also feel resented by their male counterparts since they think that their opinions are not esteem by their male counterparts. Furthermore, women who have high levels of confidence in science and technology classrooms elicit negative responses from their male counterparts. According to sociologists, women also verbalise lower levels of self-esteem than men in these fields do. The combination of these effects affects the academic achievemen t of women negatively. Many women will tend to mask their academic abilities to evade alienation and ensure that they achieve social success. Hawks and Joan (108) add that women win acceptance through the loss of personal terms. As he observes, women who achieve highly in these fields are likely to lose their gender roles. To avoid this, women recede to standard gender roles. In such a situation, women do not ask many questions or explore alternate option, but rather, they pursue and follow what they are taught. This significantly affects their academic achievement and thy end up lagging behind their male counterparts. To exacerbate the situation, pose up with their assumption of standard gender roles, the presence of women in a science or engineering class draws a lot of attention (Steel and Emily 125). This alluvium with social attention creates uncomfortable learning environment that may come in with their academic achievement and/or progress.In America, women currently earn or so 41 percent of PhDs in SET fields but make approximately 28 percent of the workforce in these fields. As notice by Nut, the low number of women involved in the workforce is because of high dropout rate in SET field. Decreasing the dropout rate of women in SET careers is significantly essential in the pursuit for gender equality since women in SET jobs earn approximately 35 percent more than in non-SET fields (Blaisdell 24).Cross-gender Disparity in SalariesAlbeit the fight for equality in all fields of life, there still exists a wide disparity between the salaries of male and women workers. In the fields of science and engineering, this disparity is highly pronounced. information collected through the census in the United States depict a significant dissimilarity between the workers in these fields. In 1999, the average profit for female scientists and engineers was almost 22 percent less than that of their male counterparts. However, this was regarded as a significant inc rease since this reflected a 25 percent increase from the figures posted in 1993. In 1999, among scientists and engineers who had held their degrees for less than 5 eld, women earned 83 percent of what men earned. Salary differential at this time depended on the field. In life sciences, women earned 23 percent lesser than their male counterparts while in, computer science, the difference was 12 percent. However, the difference has reduced over the years. In 2009, independent surveys by Glassdoor revealed that women earned approximately 93.7 percent of what men earned. This applied for those who had zero to three years of experience. For scientists and engineers who had more than ten years of experience, women earned approximately 89.1 percent of what men earned. Another survey conducted in 2012 reveals that the gap is steadily cosmos close, albeit at a significantly slow pace. Women scientists and engineers with zero to three years of experienced earned 95.2 percent of what their male counterparts earned. For those with over ten years of experience, women earned 92.6 percent of what men earned. Albeit the underrepresentation, it is ostensible that the salary gap is being closed. Factors such as emphasis on equality between men and women play a noteworthy role in changing these dynamics. Additionally, stereotyping and discrimination are diminishing, and these fields are now more cross-gender than they used to be several decades ago (Hall 124-130).Cross-cultural Differences in Status of Women in SETThe status of women in science is in many cases vary from culture to culture. This is because the norms observed by one culture may be different from those of another culture. Studies conducted by Blaisdell (29) indicate a wide disparity in the way different cultures uphold women in science and engineering. These differences are more pronounced in societies that have stuck to their traditions than in the ripeized societies. Among the African Americans and other b lack societies, gender roles are highly emphasized. This implies that women are expected to take care of their families while their male counterparts act as breadwinners. On this note, women need to maintain their femininity in these societies. In these societies, a career in science and engineering is highly associated with a loss of femininity. In this regard, women are regarded negatively in these societies once they take to science and engineering. This cultural stereotyping has significantly contributed to a few black women getting involved in science and technology. Through women empowerment, the number of women taking careers in science and technology in several other cultures or societies has increased. western sandwich cultures are becoming more liberal and, thus, more women are being accepted into these male dominated careers. This increase can be attributed to less strict cultural norms, constitutions promoting equity and discouraging discrimination and governing strateg ies promoting inclusion of women. According to statistics posted by the United Nations (quoted in Blaidell 30), the Asian communities (especially in the United States) have the highest number of women scientists and engineers. Among the Asian communities, SET (science, engineering and technology) courses are considered part of the community. Although their culture also emphasizes on gender roles on women, they project significant liberalism regarding women engaging in science and technology. The above observation indicates that, in societies where cultural norms, discrimination and stereotyping are high, number of women entering into the field of science and engineering is less and vice versa.Opportunities for Women in SETRegardless of the challenges, women engaging in SET fields have a multiplicity of opportunities. In the United States, the government has increased its effort in having women included in Set programs. Through affirmative actions, the entry standards for women into university in SET fields are lower than for men. This is encouraging an additional number of women engage in science and engineering. Additionally, other governmental and non-governmental research centers are including more women than it was a few years ago. Additionally, these institutes engage in campaigns and trainings to raise the number of women in science and engineering. For example, through the Executive Office of the President, NASA was involved in a national convention to encourage girls and women to engage in SET. Through their presence, girls had hands-on experience on NASA activities to inspire them in pursuing SET careers (Steel and Emily 200).Recommendations found on the challenges facing women in SET, a lot remains undone. approximately(prenominal) recommendations can help increase the presence of women in SET. First, the culture and social norms should be redefined to have an increased number of women in SET. As famous by Bystydzienski (209), women need first to adjust to the system with the system in which they have modest prior knowledge. In this regard, women need to develop deal strategies to have high representation in this field. Additionally, the cultural and social norms of the modern societies should change. Stereotyping and discrimination at entry level in universities are any(prenominal) of the most significant challenges for women wishing to engage in SET courses. With government strategies, discrimination and stereotyping can be reduced thus increasing the number of women in SET. Furthermore, a change in the competitiveness in SET can help increase the number of women. According to Blaisdell (21), dissatisfaction and intimidation organize among women when viewd by competitiveness at work. To mitigate this problem, group activities and non-threatening environments should be encouraged. Additionally, standards for assessment should be reduced to help women feel integrated. Furthermore, machine-accessible article of faith c an help integrate women in science and engineering. In connected classes, truth is constructed through consensus, but not conflict. This helps reduce intimidation among women. oddmentInclusion of women in science and engineering can help in the growth of innovation. However, women are significantly underrepresented in SET fields. Social norms and some oppressive legal systems have been found to contribute to this underrepresentation. Even for women who advance in these careers, a marked disparity exists between their salaries and those of their female counterparts. However, women, through government efforts, have a multiplicity of opportunities in advancing in these fields. As identified, several strategies can be used to allay the challenges women face in SET fields. The inclusion of women in SET fields is important for growth of innovation thus additional women should be encouraged to join SET courses.

Stability of Islamic and Conventional Banks

Stability of Moslem and Conventional Banks1. Ratio AnalysisThe mathematical process and the stability of brims coffin nail be quantified and valuated with the outline of their pecuniary dimensions. We dirty dog draw one across several hundreds of symmetrys at our disposal. However, we impart drug ab engage wholly those that ar common, and of some(prenominal)(prenominal) meaning for the analysis of the avows. Also, it is important to none that we should employment only study and comparable ratios in order to fully empathise the mo clearary position of these cusss as compargond to all those ratios that whitethorn include some vagueness in the research.Mainly five categories of these fiscal ratios ar employ to decimate the vagueness created by redundant use of the financial heads and items from the financial parameters. Hence, the five categories ar (CFA 2009, p498)Profitability RatiosActivity RatiosLiquidity RatiosSolvency RatiosValuation RatiosHowev er, for the cussing in carcassry, which is our main concern, we lead use only the first four categories, making an exception of the Valuation category. The financial stability department of the State Bank of Pakistan, which is the central bank of this study economy in the Muslim world, and actively involved in the progression of Moslem Banking, suggests that the financial ratios fairly reflect the stability, health and the performance of the banks. Hence, these ratios screw be apply for our purpose.2. Z-scoreInstead of just doing the fiscal Ratios Analysis, we should alike do the analysis of the banks insolvency risk, which is footstepd by the z-score. This go forth be done for cardinal the categories of banking systems Moslem Banks as well as the Commercial Banks. The statistic based on z-score is calculated with the help of the data on the banks expected kales, the riskiness or the transformation in such pull ins and the capital base of the bank. In other words , the undermentioned variables help to calculate the z-score and interrogatory it, we need the profit margin, its likelihood of occurrence and the shareholders fair play available to compensate in good example of the negative margins (losses).A z-score represents the number of standard deviations by which the hand on asset fix to decrease in order to incur a loss (a negative return). Z-scores can be measured by the following formulaz = (ROA+CAP)/ (ROA) where ROA (Return on pluss) = Net Income / good Assets CAP (Capital to Asset Ratio) = candour / Total Assets and (ROA) = standard deviation of return on assets (proxy for the variation of return).According to the formula, the noble z-score means that the truth base and the return added on it is frequently higher(prenominal) than the potential risk to the meshwork as measured by the standard deviations. Hence, such usage of the z-score testing as the test for measuring risk is recommended by legion(predicate) a(pre nominal) researches in the field. By the translation of the z-score here, it can be said that it directly relates to the probability of a banks insolvency. It is inevitable to evaluate and understand the extent to which Moslem banks are risky as compared to pompous banks. Z-scores exit play an integral role in share us identify the risk profile of Moslem banks.3. Regression hotshot of the close extensively used statistical measure of conformity is the use of regression and correlation. The extent to which two different datasets match in term of moving together is evaluated by a regression analysis. This context pass on look closely at how the dataset we obtained for Muslim and stodgy banks will be moving in tandem with the GDP and inflation (CPI) of their single countries.A pooled regression test will be used to perform the respective tests and statistics gene reckond from the regression such as the R-squared value will be used to make judgments on the relationship b etween the profitability and reaping of Islamic and pompous banks with respect to their national harvesting and inflation. This test is extremely as it is crucial to understand the synchronization of reaping of these banks with their national economies. It would be grueling to make pre-as unificationptions ab disc all over either Islamic or stuffy banks however, it has in general been peckn that while stuffy banks were wiped of several billions of dollars, Islamic banks s alsod their ground and level(p) grew in some countries. Thus, bearing this in mind, a pooled regression test will enable us to identify the polarity of growth of Islamic and constituted banks with their respective economies.Chapter Four1.1 Financial Ratio AnalysisFinancial statement analysis involves comparing the sozzleds performance with that of other firms in the same industry. In this research, we are comparing banks with banks that having two categories in spite of appearance the banking industry Islamic banks and the stuffy banks. Ratio analysis likewise involves evaluating trends of the financial position of the firm oer a succession point in cartridge holder.The ratio analysis of the firms financial statements helps the solicitude of the firm to identify problems and deficiencies and thus to take actions to try to purify performance. It also helps the decision makers to make operational as well as st ramblegical decisions that would help the firm over a long period of sentence.Financial statements mainly comprises of the balance sheet, the income statement and the cash flow statement. The balance sheet and the cash flow statement twain report the firms position at a slide byn point of time. It mictu consecrates the situation in which the companion is stand at that point of time. And the income statement tells ab verboten the performance of the companys operations over a certain time period, usually a year.In other words, the financial statement analysis i s useful to help anticipate the in store(predicate) conditions and as a starting point for planning actions that will improve the firms early performance. entirely with these lengthy and complicated financial statements, it is substantially time consuming for the decision makers and other stake holders to confer something. Hence, the financial ratios are used to help evaluate the financial statements. These ratios are taken from the check into down elements of the financial statements. These ratios are easy to read and understand earlier than the consentient financial statements.Profitability RatiosProfitability is what every firm is seeking. The higher the profitability, the better is the performance of a bank. The profitability ratios show the combined make of the liquidity, the asset management, and debt on the operations of the company as the profit is what comes out in the end of the income statement and this profit is what is mainly desired by the ownership and the man agement of a firm.One of the most important and most often looked at category of the ratios is the profitability ratios. These ratios are integral in that they help us estimate the degree to which revenues are converted into profits. A bank whitethorn be earning extremely high revenues in equation to its competitors however, its profitability may be low signifying a cast down efficiency. On the other extreme, a low earning bank may have a higher profitability signifying a great efficiency. Thus, it is important to compare the coitus profitability of the two bank streams and analyse them over several long time data.Return on AssetsThe performance of the firm is often and most commonly looked at through the ratio of cyberspace income (return) to total assets. In straightforward words, return on assets shows that what the company is getting out as profit profits from its investment in the assets of the business. The assets in a companys statements are set on the basis of origin al cost. Further to a greater extent(prenominal), the total return is usually the sum of the net income and the interest give if any on the borrowings, as it is off-key that the assets may be financed by the borrowings. Banks also do have assets apply in their business, including the loans they have offered to the customers. The return is usually the spread between the rate of borrowings and deposits, which is net of all expenses incurred.In side of Islamic banks, the net income is the net profit earned from the investments through different financial instruments such as mudarbah, murabaha, musharakah, ijarah, etc. and the assets of the Islamic banks also comprise of the investments in different schemes through Islamic modes of financing.It can be seen from the graph that the conventional banks experienced a rise in the ROAA (Return on Average Assets) during the booming period from 2002 cashbox 2007. However, in 2007, it started to decline and has been declining since. notwith standing, during this same period, ROA for the Islamic Banks have been travel on average. Although, the financial crisis in 2007 hit both banking systems, Islamic banks experienced a relatively dainty(prenominal)er impact. It has go onen from 2.6 in 2007 to some 2.1 in 2009. The conventional banks on average were at their peak in 2006 at to the highest degree 2.5 and since then, its been falling and has reached 1.6 in 2009. The overall decline of the conventional banks is far greater than the decline in ROAA of the Islamic Banks.Return on honorShareholders, the real owners of the company, are mainly concerned about the return on the impartiality they have invested in the business. They need to know the profitability of their investment in the company. Hence, the net profit of the company is measured as a ratio of the uprightness the shareholders have invested in this ratio.The main difference in the return on assets and the return on equity is that usually, the assets ar e financed by both the investors (such as shareholders) and the lenders (such as the banks) and the equity reflects only the investment by the shareholders. Hence, this measure shows the rate at which the company is move the investment to its shareholder (in arbitrary cost and not in cash terms, as cash is paid out in form of dividends).In terms of the banks, the equity will be the shareholders money that they have invested in the bank to make it running. This will not include any loans that the banks management has obtained for its operations or assets. If this measure is giving out high results, it means that investing in a bank as a shareholder is a profitable venture.It can be seen from the graph that from our sample of banks, the conventional banks are slightly returning a better amount than the Islamic banks particularly subsequently the crisis of 2007. In this regard, we can say that the Islamic banks have taken a large impact as their average Return on Average Equity ( ROAE) have fallen from 25 in 2006 to slightly 11 in 2009 as compared to conventional banks having 26 in 2006 and falling to around 16 in 2009.There can be several possible reasons for such results. It could be that after the crisis, the investments in equity for the Islamic banks have risen, or fallen for the conventional banks. It may be possible that the investors have seen Islamic banks as a safe haven and have taken out their money from conventional banks and put it into the Islamic banks as its equity.However, it could also be possible that with so many closures in the conventional banking, the competition is turn out and the remaining banks are making higher profits than they would have been when on that point was more(prenominal) competition. There may be one or more explanations for such results however, the most popular of these is that the very basis that caused the book of facts crunch crisis was not influential in the operations of an Islamic bank and thus left them unscathed to a great extent. ability RatiosEfficiency of a company can be measured in many different ways. One of the basic indicator of efficiency is that how a good deal of the pay are used up as expenses. The ratio of expenses to earnings shows how much(prenominal) is the company efficient. If the ratio is low, then it is considered to be very efficient. If its high, then on that point must be some problem with the company. If it is high for the whole industry, then it can be seen that the industry is not very profitable. If the ratio is some to one, it signifies serious problems for a company, be it a bank or not. This is because if the earnings and expenses are closer to each other, then at that place is little inhabit for the profits and de qualitys that the bank is not able to manage its operations efficiently leading to a very small net profit margin. This would unquestionably put off investors and is highly undesirable. Hence, the lower the ratio, the better it i s.It can be seen that this ratio is quite low for the conventional banks as compared to the Islamic banks, especially after 2004. The conventional banks efficiency is being steadied even during the financial crisis. The expenses are hovering to around 40 percent of the earnings, which is reasonably lower than for the Islamic banks. When looking at the Islamic banks, the expenses rose from 40 percent in 2004 to 80 percent in 2005 and slowly falling back to 60 percent during the financial crisis but staying there during 2009 as well. Hence it is also possible to see that the Islamic banks efficiency have improved during this period as this ratio has fallen significantly. However, in this regard, the Islamic banks are not as efficient as the conventional banks. But we will also not ignore the fact that our sample does not represent the whole Islamic banking industry or the conventional banking industry and the results may be completely different for different samples.Assets Turnover (a type of Activity Ratio)The asset turnover ratio indicates how hard and efficiently the firms assets are being put to use. It is also known as the sales-to-assets ratio. It shows that what each dollar of assets has produced in terms of total revenue (or sales).Sales in the banking industry has different names. For conventional banks, the net interest income is used instead of sales. This is the interest earned from change minus the interest given out on deposits. However, for Islamic banks, the interest-free system, the net profit on investments of different modes of Islamic finance is used as revenue. This is the major differing element of the income statements of the two systems.From the results of this ratio, it can be seen that the Islamic banks and the conventional banks have a very close and similar trend in the first place the financial crisis as the asset turnover keep on rising till 2006. However, this is worth noting that the ratio for Islamic banks remained a bit higher than that of conventional banks. After the 2007 crisis, the conventional banks asset turnover brutish sapiently from around 0.08 in 2006 to around 0.055 in 2009. Whereas for Islamic banks this ratio fell from around 0.089 in 2006 to 0.08 in 2009. Hence, the turnover for Islamic banks was not much affected by the crisis. This result may prove worthwhile to note that Islamic banks were having less risk during the financial crisis than the conventional banks. Though unimportant at the moment, this can be an important dimension in future studies involving Islamic banks and conventional as it provides insight into the risk profile of Islamic banks viz-a-viz conventional banking.Financial LeverageSolvency ratio shows the financial leverage of a firm. When a firm requires money more than the equity it has risen from its shareholders and from within the business, it needs to borrow. This borrowing can be from anyone including the bank. However, usually it is required to give out fixed r ate as interest payment heedless of whether that money is properly utilized and worked from or not. Whether the company is in profit or loss, the interest payments on the debt has to be given out. If the profit is high, the shareholders gain as the leftover profit after interest payments goes to them. However, in case of loss, the shareholders bear the burden as well because the interest payment all the same has to be paid. Because of this debt increasing the profit rate to shareholders in good time and reducing it in bad times, this debt is said to create financial leverage.Debt to Equity RatioThe debt to equity ratio is a clear measure of the lot that a company is indebted to the external sources. It gives out the rate at which the debt is as a multiple of the equity. If the debt is less than the shareholders equity, than this ratio would be less than 1. But if there is more external debt than internal equity, than this ratio will exceed 1. And this could be really problemati c for a company. However, in todays world, high debt to equity ratio is considered normal. For a bank, whether a conventional bank or an Islamic bank, this ratio just indicates the ratio of the actual owners to the external lenders. However, in case of crisis, it is usually seen that the banks to go out of the business first had a high debt to equity ratio.Islamic banks usually tend to have lower debt indebted to them. As their core principle of interest free banking may not be fulfilled if they take on debt on interest. So all the debt they have is interest free and such type of debt is demanding to obtain. However, according to the result of this ratio here shows that Islamic banks debt to equity ratio rose significantly during 2004-2005 and was nearly equal to conventional banks ratio, but then it steadied around 1.6 during the financial crisis and after it. On the other hand, during this time period this ratio for conventional banks rose to 2.6 in 2007. And then the consequenc e of the crisis took over and it fell to around 2.1 in 2009.It can be complete from this result that the shock of the crisis made the conventional banks realized that they have stretched too far from how they should be financing themselves. Hence, either they started to pay off their debts to humble the risk of bankruptcy or the lenders started to get strict control over them. On the other hand, the Islamic banks were more relaxed as they did not have high debts to fear from and continued keeping a similar debt to equity ratio.Liquidity RatiosLiquidity ratios are the indication for the company to know how much current assets there are to deal with the liabilities. In case of the banks, it shows how much loans are there to give out from the deposits available.Total Loans / Total DepositsBanks give out loans to the customers (borrowers) are assets as they are receivables. Whereas, the deposits taken from the customers (depositors) are liabilities as they are payables to the depositor s upon their request. Deposit is the property of the depositors hence its the liability on the bank to pay the depositors back their money.This ratio for banks is similar to the current ratio used for other firms. It is similar to the ratio of current assets to the current liabilities. Hence, we can see that for Islamic banks, this ratio is lower than that of the conventional banks.This may be because many different financial instruments are used to finance those who want the funding. So many Islamic banks may not show all the investments as current assets or loans in this case. Also, it may be possible that mayhap a higher profit rate is charged by the Islamic banks as compared to the interest rate charged by the conventional banks and batch are reluctant to fulfil their financing needs from Islamic banks in order to avoid higher rates to pay back. As the Islamic banks are ontogenesis and gaining consumer confidence, it may also be possible that the mickle are depositing their s avings in Islamic banks much more than they are using its money for their financing needs, for a time being. Here, it is worth noting that the financial crisis did not affect this rate significantly for both the banking systems.Total Loans / Total AssetsAs discussed above, total loans can be termed as current assets as they are the receivables. Hence, this ratio is about how much part of the total assets is this receivable loan. For the sample on hand, it is worth noting that the loan to total assets ratio for the conventional banks have slowly declined during the years and not affected significantly by the crisis. However, in the same time period, this ratio for Islamic banks has risen slowly. This may show that other assets for Islamic banks have reduced as compared to main current receivable assets. harvest AnalysisGrowth analysis is the analysis used to measure and compare the growth rate of a company for different heads of accounts. It could be growth in sales, growth in assets , growth in liabilities, etc.Deposits GrowthFirst of all, we will look at the growth of the deposits. Although the deposits for banks are the liabilities, it shows the demand for the bank by the customers. If more and more customers start depositing in a bank, the bank is said to be growing in terms of customer base. In other words, the demand for the bank is rising.From the graph taken from the sample, it can clearly be seen that the growth rate of deposits have risen curtly for the Islamic banks. However, there is a major soak after the financial crisis from 35% to 25% in 2008. But after that, it has risen back to around 34% in 2009.In case of the conventional banks, there has been a growth in the deposits, but much slower than the Islamic banks. Also, there is a major dip in growth rate from around 24% in 2006 to around 11% in 2007. And moreover, the recovery that Islamic banks have shown after the crisis was nowhere to be found in our sample of conventional banks. The deposit growth rate rose from around 11% in 2007 to just around 14% in 2009 as compared to 34% for Islamic banks.Equity GrowthThe equity growth directly shows the investors (shareholders) confidence as the deposit growth showed the customer confidence in the bank. Hence, it can be said that this ratio directly measures the success of a bank because if the bank is getting success, the shareholders (investors) will be putting in more money as equity to get higher returns in terms of profits.For our sample of the banks from the two systems, we can see that there are ups and downs during the sample time period. Initially, both the conventional banks and the Islamic banks equity growth have risen till 2005. But much before the crisis happened in 2007, there was a fall in investors confidence since 2005 for the conventional banks. This has been shown by the sharp decline in the equity growth from around 49% in 2005 to a mere 12% in 2007 for the conventional banks. But after that there was a sharp increase next year and then it again fell in 2009. But when we see at the Islamic banks, their equity growth was at its highest during 2006 and 2007 at around 55% when this rate was having a free fall for the conventional banks. However, the equity growth rate for Islamic banks also had a major drop in the aftermath of the crisis in 2008 when it dropped to around 22% but then bounced back in 2009.It is worth noting that the growth rate for the last year have increased for the Islamic banks and decreased for the conventional banks, thus setting out a trend for investors confidence in favour of the Islamic banks. From this financial ratio analysis, it can be detect that the Islamic banks were affected lesser than the conventional banks.1.2 Z-ScoresIn this case, z-score is the test for financial stability of the two systems.Conven z-scoreIslamic z-scoreOverall Avg z-score20027.04652511.846817849.44667220035.778534.6052402295.191885200410.330284.2386558547.28446720058.6404154.21893723 6.429676200610.809779.3474114310.0785920077.95408212.9178071310.4359420086.3566074.690907275.52375720096.1038825.7373155935.920599Avg7.8775127.2003865727.538949The table above shows the outline of z-scores for both the banking systems and the overall z-score as an average of both. There are some surprising results here. The z-score for Islamic banks is a little less than that of the conventional banks even though the results of the financial ratio analysis showed that the Islamic banks were exposed to less risk as compared to the conventional banks during this period, especially the period of financial crisis. In other words, the conventional banks are a little more financially stable than the Islamic banks.Looking at the trend of the z-scores during our sample time period, the graph shows that on overall, conventional banks z-score was higher thus showing that they were more insolvent as compared to the Islamic banks. However, it can be seen that there was a fall in z-score before and during the crisis in 2006 and 2007 for conventional banks and only during this period, the Islamic banks were less risky. However, the dip in the aftermath of the crisis for the Islamic banks showed that they became riskier especially after the crisis in 2008 and 2009. It is worth noting here that in 2009, the z-score for the conventional banks has a down trend and for Islamic banks, it is rising. Hence, in the future, it may be predicted when the things get stabled that the Islamic banks would become less risky and more financially stable.ConventionalIslamicROAEquity/AssetsZ-ScoreROAEquity/AssetsZ-ScoreAverage2.030.087.882.100.107.20In the table above, the average results are shown. There is a higher return on assets for the Islamic bank during the period on average, and also a higher share of equity in assets as compared to the conventional banks. However, the z-score on average is lower for Islamic banks as compared to the conventional banks thus telling that even though the re is less ROA and equity share in the assets for the conventional banks, they are more stable financially and have lesser risk for solvency. However, as mentioned earlier, there is a rising trend for the Islamic banks at the moment. Hence, once the dust settles down, we can have a clearer picture of the future of the two systems. However, the slight variations in the z-score do not differentiate the financial stability of the two banking systems by very much. Hence, it would be unwise to conclude something here at this point of time.1.3 Regression AnalysisOverall RegressionSUMMARY end productRegression StatisticsMultiple R0.803713R Square0.645954Adjusted R Square0.173893Standard Error1.94228Observations8

A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty

A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global indigenceAt an early age, authors Abhijit and Esther k raw(a) already that destitution existed. Through stories and observation, they were aw ar nigh the situation yet these did non satisfied them instead it motivated them to study, to kindle their knowledge and substantiate why beggary is such(prenominal) a conundrum that eliminating it is very difficult. The two authors hold a good deal of question and because of that they made this defend Poor Economic A radical rethinking of the way to weight-lift globular want. Affected by outstanding generalization with the undisclosed frontline solutions about p everywherety and scotchs, the authors plead to several opinions and investigation to check on how s brookt(p) managed to vex impoverishment. They were very concerned about the situation and wishes to let us collide with the separate side of eliminating indigence. In addition to that, why does abject heap laughingst ock non entirely get away with the problem despite the full efforts of the government activity of technologically advanced countries and private organization? There are a lot of solutions further it is not completely effective or not the answer that the heap genuinely need. Spanning five continents to find solution, authors engaged in research for 15 years to investigate about global impoverishment and illuminate numerous practical and cost effective ways on appointmenting it.Through the years, I encounter always kn take that distress is not a secret and is very rampant all over the creation. Up to the present time and with everyvirtuoso helping, why is it still in that respect? cover charge many valuable issues, this view as is a great way to understand and discover the problems that many countries experience that may or may not contribute to poverty. This is a must-read book for all those raft who cares about poverty, its reputation and the pack who is suffering f rom it. There are a lot of factors to deal out when we tackle about poverty. A lot of issues that necessitate to be reveal and solutions that ask to be evaluated over and over again to en gestateed its effectivity. In this book review, I am hoping that I can give referee to what these author is trying to say and giving my own opinion on the things they have discover. My teacher told me that economicals is a convinced(p) change in the fall of the production of totals and services of a certain verdant. I recollect that it means equity, equality, in equilibrium with the cut and demand. Although on that point is a positive rise and fall in one country, it doesnt mean that everyone or every nation are able to experience that. One country may have all the resources while some others beart have even just a clean water to drink. How can one place have an equilibrium when it actually has a little resources that affects the supply for every demand? It is in that manner that po verty in reality becomes a problem. The book helps us to understand why poor needs to seize in order to save, although their children go to school they oft do not learn, they miss out on free life-saving immunizations as well as paying drugs that they do not need and living on 99 cents a day. Battling poverty needs patience, careful thinking and testamentingness to learn. In the book, poverty trap was mentioned. As an example, poor countries are poor because they are hot, infertile, malaria infested and often land locked reservation it hard for the community to be productive without an initial large investment to help them deal with these endemic problems thus want of modern technologies to help them progress. Coupled with having no affirmable resources for funding and honorarium for the ventures, these contribute in worsening poverty. I believe it is true because how can you start saving when you even cant find a way to find income sources. A person cant whole shebang in an infertile soil so he has no products to give away and no investors that result finance a business providing loads of effect for the local helping them earn a living. No chafe to good pedagogy is also stated in this book. In reality, education is a vital requirement find a decent job and desexualise a living for yourself and for the family. As a solution external uphold was mentioned to be the key. Billions of guardianship funds are being employ to drive poverty, yet very small amount of work had been completed in analyzing their outcomes. Does extraneous advocate really help the poor countries? Is it enough? ground on what I have seen in the past years, there are people who really strive in working for a fracture life but the resources are really not enough making difficult for them to really earn enough to sustain their daily needs and wants. Indeed, some poor people managed to have their own stories of success in starting businesses but sadly it never went high en ough to exit jobs to other individuals. Some have businesses but does not make much money. Although, they have monthly income but there are also a lot of deductions such as rent, daily expenses for food and other needs of the family which make it hard for them to really save. These results to unavailability of purchasing stocks for their store atomic number 82 to bankruptcy. So a portion of the cause why businesses of the poor dont grow is the nature of the businesses they operate and how they handle their profit. For the past years, foreign aid helped a lot of people all over the world making it one of the important solutions in flake poverty. Undoubtedly, the most substantive goal why nations seek out and agree to take foreign aid is for the purpose of economic progress. Developed Countries are considered to have a moral obligation to help and to assist the poorer countries to have a sustainable progressive lives. Other advantage of foreign aid is the improvement of health through delivery of health teachings, medicines and equipment. Receiving money for investment from violateed countries supports to unveil more jobs for the people, improved infrastructure, and stabilize their economy. Foreign aid has other advantages, such as fighting hunger, saving lives and providing civilians with shelters, clean water and medicine.Although it is quite patrician to believe that, some people argue the capability of foreign aid to really help combat the insufficiency in food, shelter, job and other resources needed by the poor individuals. Foreign aids universe-service corporation is unremarkably unassessed or even though it is being assessed, the approached may sometimes not convincing at all. Some also argue that it prevents people to search for their own solution. It makes sense that because of foreign aid, some people pitch to wait for rich countries to help without even trying to search for possible solutions. It builds a culture of dependency that is k eeping poverty difficult to fight and as a result poor remains poor. Aside from that, anti-aid people does not believe about the presence of poverty trap which I do not agree. Indeed, there is a presence of different views which I think both have point to share. An inconvenience of foreign aid is a higher percentage of dependency from the rich nations. The leaders of poor countries that accept aid gains reliance on a secured movement where they can support the people of their nation, they can also put money to other areas of the country which require funding. Foreign help can also be used to situate poor nations in political or economic pressure leading to being in debt with the supporting country. What could be really the effective way to abolish poverty? Moreover, solutions come with problem exchangeable for example, the reluctance to take risk and difficulty in trusting a possible investor, the poor wasted an opportunity. As mentioned in this book, poor nations usually have a ve ry large family size. Absence of family planning and access to contraception methods in overpopulated families makes fighting poverty difficult. As a result, many experienced increase financial burden leading to low education rates and medical care. Politicians all over the world, private citizen, economists and every people who are trying to help, fail to recognize the exceptional reasons that lead to poverty for example attempting to erase it that usually attempts to eradicate it are usually foolish. wayward to what we think, poor individuals need more of something than just food or money. In reality, the poor need programs that allows them to have a chance to succeed and fight poverty. To support that statement, I powerfully agree to give these individuals the necessary opportunities, lots of them, yet they still need to work for it. In addition to that, I consider poverty a weakness but not a disability that will weaken your spirit in doing something for yourself. For example, if your land is infertile, slew other resources that you may use aside from that use little land. I strongly believe that all problems have their own sets of solutions, its a discipline of discovery and resourcefulness. Besides many people are trying their outperform to help and give support to each individual who are suffering.The book is designed to answer questions and help us understand why fighting poverty is not easy. It tackled a lot of solutions not being used or understand properly. Helping through funding is good as long as choosing the right kind of project will be prioritize. For example food for the indigent, pensions for the elderly and clinics for the diseased infected areas where everyone making sure figuring how best to run it. Deciding on helping the less fortunate when we can will make a difference, understanding that poverty is merely not just having money but not really having enough capability in realizing their full potential as a human being are just some realization I have learned from this book. I believe there are a lot of things to be considered and properly planned to ensure that what we think poor people needs is really what they are needing. Aside from that, both public and private actions should be done. In addition, proper planning for more favorable pathways should really be considered for every poverty causing factors. For education, the government should have encouragement programs to ensure parents compliance in making their children go to school. Roadways should be accessible and safe for everyone especially for the students. Free education is really a big help and should be instilled its importance to the poor. Funding health teachings through seminars, conference, and house to house visit about family planning is a must also. Everyone has the right to progress and poverty is just an obstacle. Although it is very hard but I believe everything has solution that still needs to be discovered in the near future that will really eradicate poverty completely. As long as everyone will help one another(prenominal) genuinely and the presence of the people who takes time to study and search for an answer, it will never be that far. In correlation, I believe that poor people in poor nations should also do something for themselves and merely not accept the fact that they are poor, they must not just wait for us to give something or help them to achieve something for themselves. They must acquire valuing their own strength and actions in order to realize that absence of action there is no development. Development needs skills and cleverness, when inhabitants feel safe and assured adequately, they will invest in their kids and let them leave home to get new occupations in the metropolis. These possibilities might be wrong but trying to do these will develop the lives of the deprived and merely not waiting for economic evolution which remains unbearable. To the degree that we distinguish how to get rid of pove rty, there is no purpose to endure the waste of lives and ability that poverty passes with it. As this book presented, even though we have no charmed potions to scour out poverty, we do recognize a number of things about how to develop the poor peoples lives.

Compare And Contrast Tcsec And Cc Information Technology Essay

Comp be And Contrast Tcsec And Cc Information Technology EssayTo pass judgment a reckoner governance or product to deliberate it accumulates the certificate requirements ground on the tuition protection corpse valuation normals.Trusted Computer System rating Criteria (TCSEC) was the first signal computer trade protection paygrade standard which was published by the U.S. disproof department in1985. TCSEC influenced other European countries and rattling soon some countries found on TCSEC to develop their own trade protection military rating standards.In 1996, the States combined with 5 European countries (UK, France, Germ some(prenominal), Netherlands and Canada) and NSA (National tri moreovere Agency) and NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) developed a new criterion which was c eithered greens Criteria (CC). In 1999 ballpark Criteria (CC) was recognized by ISO and named ISO/IEC 15408-1999.In this essay TCSEC and CC will be discussed, comp arg ond and contrasted to find book away the uniformities and differences and the strength of CC will be indicated.The answers for the topic are ground on research on relevant articles and journals and most of the resources are from the internet. The materials are then analyzed and discussed.The taboo key of the report is as followsIntroduction- brief definition of the topic.Background- explanation of TCSEC and CC. mountainvass and contrast the deuce standardsDescribe the similarities and differences mingled with the two standards and state the advantages of CC.Some journals, articles and books are used in this report which dope be found in the references.BackgroundThis academic session discusses TCSEC with the evaluation elucidate of TCSEC. And overly describes the CC and evaluation of assurance direct of CC and the evaluation process.TCSEC Evaluation ClassCC- pledges takesDLowest protective cover departmentsEAL1Function every last(predicate)y well-triedC1 arbitrary protectionEAL2Structur whollyy testedC2Controlled Access surety department measureEAL3Methodically tested checkedB1Labeled Security ProtectionEAL4Methodically bearinged, tested, reviewedB2Structured ProtectionEAL5Semi- form-only(prenominal)ly designed and testedB3Security DomainsEAL6Semi-formally verify design and testedA1 confirm ProtectionEAL7Formally support design and tested add-in 1- Evaluation Class of TCSEC and Evaluation Assurances train CCTCSEC is comm lonesome(prenominal) called the Orange tidings (the cover of book is orange). TCSEC has 4 divisions and 7 evaluation crystallisees. Each class contains hostage requirements and it is used to determine the level of trust of a cipher organisation.The divisions of TCSEC are A, B, C, D and the seven evaluation classes are D ( final), C1, C2, B1, B2, B3 and A1 (highest). A is more secure than D, and 2 is more secure than 1. (See Table 1)Level D non-secure constitution Level D only contains D1 evaluation class. D1 is t he lowest protections and only provides protection protection for file and user. Level D finish be applied to any brass which has been evaluated but did non meet the higher evaluation class requirements.Level C Discretionary protection Level C provides audit trial protection and Level C includes C1 and C2.C1 is discretionary protective covering protection and its class is lower in Level C. C1 provides discretionary access control and it has the responsibility for Identification and authentication. C2 has all the credentials features of C1 and has the function of audit trail and access protection. C2 requires single- user log-in with password and an audit trail transcription. C2 works with log-in process, shelter typeface and source isolation to increase access.Level B Mandatory Control. in that location are 3 classes in Level B and they are B1, B2 and B3.B1 has all the requirements of C2 and it besides has some new requirements distributively object has a enounce whi ch is under system control. It uses sensitivity labels as a basis of all the access control and labels the object which will import to the system. When the system decision maker adds a new communication channel or I/O mechanism, he has to manually assign security level to the channel and mechanism. The system uses user password to determine the user access level and it besides uses audit to record any unauthorized access 13. B2 has all the requirements of B1. to a fault that, the B2 administrator must admit clear and chronicleation style of security policy for sure computing base. B2 has some new security requirements system must immediately inform any changes between user and associated network, only user is able to do initial communication in the swear path and the trusted computer base supports independent administrator and operator. B3 has all the requirements of B2. But B3 has stronger ability to monitor access and anti-interference. B3 system has to set the security of the administrator. The new security requirements for B3 are provide a readable security list, some objects are not allowed for certain users to access, the system has to provide a description of the users and to identify user before any exertion and the trusted computing base establishes security audit trail for all(prenominal) labeled object 13.Level A has the highest security. Level A only has A1 class. A1 is similar to B3. A1has the obvious features a developer of system must adopt for a formal design specification to analyze a system. After analysis, the developer has to use bridle technology to ensure that the system meets the design specifications. The entire installation carrying out must be done by the system administrator and each step has to provide formal documentation.In TCSEC, to identify the security and to give some assurance to the system, it has to meet the security requirements 14.The TCSEC was replaced by CC. CC is a poser of mutually recognized evaluation cr iteria and it contains 3 parts security model, security functional requirements and security assurance requirements.Security assurance components are the basis for the security assurance requirements and it expresses in Protection Profile (PP) or Security Target (ST) 15.A Protection Profile is the security requirements of clients and a company of users for a class of Targets of Evaluation (TOE) 15. A PP uses a templet independently to express security requirement. This is useful when implementing a product line or a family of related products 7.Protection Profile copy TCSEC security requirements of C2 and B1. Protection Profile include a template of commercial security profile, Firewall profiles which use for packet filters and application gateways, Smart card profiles, Database profile and a role which is based on control profile 16.A Security Target consists of a collection of security requirements and used to evaluate computer system or product 7.Figure 1 The PP/ST specification framework 7Evaluation is that use defined criteria to evaluate a computer system or IT product 16. Figure 1 shows specification framework to the Targets of Evaluation. The Common Criteria evaluation process starts from identifying a TOE (Target of Evaluation), and then input an ST which describes the security functions of the TOE 16, the example of TOE is computer system or product, To see if the run of the system is secure, it should meet a set of security requirements or protection profile 7.Common Criteria provides a set of Evaluation Assurance Levels (EAL) from EAL1 (lowest) to EAL7 (highest) and it will be awarded to products and system upon prospering completion of evaluation (see Table 1). The Common Criteria is intent by ISO (NO. 15408)EAL1- Functionally tested. For the correct cognitive process of EAL1, it requires a certain confidence of occasion. This situation is of the view that the security threats are not serious 7. EAL1 provide the evidence of interrogation and its documentation.EAL2- Structurally tested. In the incubate of the design information and test results, EAL2 requires the developer collaboration. But do not surpass too much energy beyond the reasoned commercial operation of consistency.EAL3- Methodically tested checked. Without a lot of changes on the premise of commonsensical development practices, it allows a conscientious developer to obtain maximum assurance during the design phase from the correct security engine room.EAL4- Methodically designed, tested, reviewed. It allows the developers to obtain maximum ascertain from the correct security engineering, the security engineering is based on good and strict commercial development practice. This development practice does not consume much professional knowledge, skills or other resources. In the rational scotch conditions, and to renovate an existing production line, EAL ass achieve the highest level of result 7.EAL5- Semi-formally designed and tested. It enables th e developers to obtain maximum security from the security engineering. The security engineering is based on a strictly commercial development practice. It relies on the appropriate application of professional safety engineering technology for support.EAL6- Semi-formally verified design and tested. It enables the developers to gain a high level of certification with the application of safety engineering technology and strict development environment, and. This is to prepare a costly TOE to protect high-value assets against major risks 16.EAL7- Formally verified design and tested. It is applicable to safe TOE development and it applies to places where the risk is very high, or high value assets that worth higher expenses.In this session discussed TCSEC and CC, an explained evaluation class of TCSEC, evaluation assurance level of CC and the evaluation process. Those discussions are very important that helps to find out the similarities and difference of TCSEC and CC. beside session, T CSEC and CC will be compared and contrasted based on the above discussion.Compare and contrast TCSEC and CCThis session will discuss the similarities and differences between the security standards based on the above description on TCSEC and CC. It will also state the strength of CC and to explain why CC is a relatively successful security evaluation standard.SimilaritiesEven though TCSEC has been replaced by CC, they still have some similarities. Both of them are security evaluation standard and evaluate computer system by security level classification and each level has security requirements. Both of them provide confidentiality security functionality and evaluate Computer Operation System.DifferencesAlthough CC has some similarities as TCSEC, but both of them are different.TSCEC is only used in U.S. In the beginning, it was proposed that TCSEC was to focus on independent computer system and it suited evaluation of armed forces operating system. TCSEC does not choose security cr iteria for open system and it is the criteria for silent model. TSCEC just considered protecting system owner and operator but did not cover user security area especially for the security of telecommunication system user. And also only considered confidentiality for documents of system owner and it did not address integrity and availableness. From Table 1 we see that the evaluation of TCSEC is mix security and functionality. So if any hardware of software is changed, it will start to evaluate the system again.But CC is recognized by ISO organization and it applies to nations. Compared CC with TCSEC, CC is more complete. Common Criteria is not only focus on operating system but also for Network and Database. Common Criteria involve security criteria for open system and the criteria for dynamic model. CC keeps system confidentiality, availability and integrity through TOEs security specifications. CC has distinguished security and functionality, any change does not affect the evalua tion.The evaluation process of both also is different. TCSEC checks system to see if it is secure by using the security requirements which is assort by evaluation class. In a Common Criteria evaluation, use Common Criteria to evaluate the product or computer system. The evaluation stages are Protection Profile evaluation, Security Targets evaluation, TOE evaluation and Assurance maintenance.CC evaluates system starting from identifying a TOE, and then developing a set of criteria to the TOE for evaluation. For each step, detailed information will be added. To get to know if the system is secure, it should meet a set of security criteria or protection profile. at long last TCSEC has been substituted by CC. That means TCSEC was abandoned but CC is still the ongoing security evaluation standard.The advantages of CCForm the above comparison of the differences between TCSEC and CC, we can point out that CC is a relatively successful security evaluation standard because CC has some adva ntages. CC is an outside(a) security standard and many countries acknowledge the testing result.CC is absorbed in security objectives and the related threats and the evaluation process help to rise confidentiality, availability and integrity of the system.CC provides a set of security criteria in detail and the criteria details are easily understood by customer and supplier. Customer can use them to determine the security level of the products and also to find out their own security requirements. So that supplier can design product for them and also use them to identify their product or system security features.Customer can trust the evaluation because the testing is done independently and not by the supplier.In this session, the similarities and differences between TCSEC and CC have been discussed and after comparison, the advantages of CC have been indicated.ConclusionTo sum up, through the discussion of the evaluation process and assurance level of TCSEC and CC, we found out th e similarities and differences between the two standards and also the advantages of CC.TCSEC is firstly a security standard and it develops 4 levels and 7 evaluation classes. Each evaluation class contains security requirements and using the requirements it will help to identify the security level of the system or product. TCSEC has provided identification and authentication for user to access the system document and also to provide audit trial and access protection.TCSEC evaluates system or products by checking security requirements to see if the system meets them.TCSEC has been replaced by CC and CC is an international security evaluation standard.CC provides Protection Profiles and Security Targets which are documents for specifying security requirements. 2 CC has 7 Evaluation assurance levels.Because CC came from TCSEC, they have some similarities but actually they are quite different. TCSEC only applies to operation system and it focuses on the demand of confidentiality. CC has full description of security mode, security concepts and security functionality.Compared with TCSEC, CC has some advantages. The testing result is judge by nations, supplier can design product for customer based on their requirements. CC keeps system confidentiality, availability and integrity. After comparison we can say that CC is relatively a successful security evaluation standard.

Pros And Cons Of Biotechnology

Pros And Cons Of bioengineeringThe Convention on biological Diversity signed on 5 July 1992 at the United Nations chemical group discussion on Environment and Development (the Rio Earth Summit) defines biotech as any(prenominal) scientific application that uses biological sy cornerstones, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.Understand the slightly disciplines that contribute to BiotechnologyThe main focus of biotech revolves around the use of molecular biota in the application of genetic engineering. Biotechnology encompasses many an(prenominal) disciplines and relies on contributions from argonas very much(prenominal) as chemistry, computer experience, mathematics, biota and engineering in addition to an otherwise(prenominal) empyreans such as economics and philosophy.Historic and topical applications of biotechnology and its productsFermentation to produce foodsFermentation was discovered over 10,000 yea rs past and is widely considered to be the to the highest degree ancient biotechnological discovery. Mankind was producing beer, wine, vinegar and profits victimization yeast. Lactic acid bacteria in milk and moulds were utilise to produce cheese. Modern food production pipe d sustain employs these processes but the cultures get under ones skin been genetically refined and purified so that only(prenominal) the most desir sufficient traits remain. nutrient preservationPreserving food through drying, salting and freezing was practiced take d give before anyone really understood why food spoiled in the beginning(a) place. Louis Pasteurs research on the spoilage of win in 1864 was the first attempt to research food technology in a scientific manner.Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)PCR is a technique in molecular biology use to amplify a few copies of a piece of deoxyribonucleic acid through thermal cycling generating millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. This techniq ue is utilize for a variety of purposes including DNA sequencing in copy, analysis of transmitted genetic diseases or even in the identification of genetic fingerprints utilize in forensic science.Microbial biodegradationThe exclusion of pollutants and waste from the environment is a concern that has intensified in recent years as valet strives to find sustainable ways to cleanup contaminated environments. Bioremediation harnesses the natural tycoon of microbial xenobiotic metabolism to degrade and transform a huge dictate of compounds including hydrocarbons and metals.List and describe different types of biotechnology and their applications there are a number of jargon terms for sub-fields of biotechnology.Red biotechnology refers to biotechnology used in medical processes. Its applications include the production of antibiotics, vaccines and genomic manipulation to cure diseases. egg white biotechnology refers to biotechnology used in industrial processes. Its applications include apply organisms to produce useful chemicals. The subscribe to is to surpass traditional manu pointuring processes by consume fewer re etymons.Green biotechnology refers to biotechnology used in boorish processes. Its applications include designing plants to grow under specific conditions or in the presence/absence of agricultural chemicals. One of its aims us to produce more(prenominal) environmentally friendly solutions separate from traditional industrial agriculture.Bioinformatics addresses biological problems using information technology. It plays a key role in areas like biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector. Bioinformatics also helps in the analysis of functional genomics, structural genomics, and proteomics amongst others. hand over examples of potential advances in BiotechnologyRed biotechnology, e particularly in the field of regenerative care for, is poised to transform healthcare. Advances in genetics, stand-cell research and re-create promises a well -situated age in medical care for the future.Genetics is the principle science behind regenerative medical specialty. Recombinant DNA technology is currently applied in producing vaccines to armed combat hepatitis B and compassionate-protein drugs to portion out diabetes. New protein drugs are in teaching to treat a wider range of diseases. It is speculated that genes merchant ship be used to stimulate the off bound of impertinent t come on, and create antibodies to every suppress or enhance the repellent system. This can be used to treat diseases such as arthritis and variant cancers in the future. Regenerative medicine, unlike chemical based drugs that simply supports failing or damaged variety meat or tissues, cures disease charm having less toxic side effects.Cellular biology plays a major role in regenerative medicine. Human cells are currently creation used in a variety of ways such as growing blood vessels and manufacturing conventionalized skin. Stem cell resea rch offers even more promising treatments. In the future, adult stem cells can be harvested, cultured, and reinserted to heal damaged tissue, bones, nerves, and organs for those suffering brain and spinal injuries. Adult stem cells submit express mail flexibility as they are often difficult to locate and activate, this message they are unviable in the treatment of a number of disease and injuries. immature stem cells are easier to obtain and their plasticity offers greater therapeutic benefit.Regenerative medicine promises many benefits. Better precision in diagnostics designates foregoing and more effective medical interventions. The Human Genome Project and ubiquitous supervise depart allow medicine to develop an appropriate response to the aggression of debilitating and life-threatening diseases. Effective therapies will affect the quality of many patients subsists. Diseased or damaged organs can be repaired or replaced completely. This will prove a great boon for the w orlds ageing commonwealth as it improves the longevity of adult male life.Reflect on how it affects you and the world at that place is intense debate over the development of medical biotechnologies. Studies in genetics, cloning and stem-cell research have sparked unflattering headlines. How do we balance the great go for of treating currently incurable conditions such as Alzheimers with the moral cost that many argue is to high? Will embryonic stem-cell research and therapeutic cloning mean a callous commoditization of gracious life at its most vulnerable stage? Or are attempts to restrict development in regenerative medication condemning countless individuals to needless suffering?Will the benefits of regenerative medicine be distributed evenly, or will only the wealthy be able to afford it? What will be the social effects of a auberge populated by genetically enhanced individuals of varying levels? Does this prospect mean greater or less regulation of regenerative medicine research?Admittedly, these questions each(prenominal) embody a number of issues that are contentious in their own right. And each of them requires detailed analysis and scrutiny. Such inquiries are themselves shaped by a bigger picture of religious, moral, social, and political convictions. To what end are the current and future developments in regenerative medicine directing us? And how do we assess whether this end is desirable?Commoditization of mankind lifeSomatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technique to produce pitying embryonic stem (ES) cells for research or therapy. The technique creates sympathetic embryos that serve as sources of military man ES cells. In deriving the human ES cells, the cloned human embryo (enucleated human egg transplanted with material cell nucleus) is destroyed at the blastocyst stage. This technique has many significant applications for clinical applications and medical research. Human ES cells produced from unfertilized egg cells transpl anted with a nucleus from a human somatic cell can serve as a renewable source of cells with varied applications. These cells are capable of self-renewal and can transform into any other type of cell in the human body. Human ES cells can also be used for research into in vitro studies of normal human embryogenesis, abnormal development, human gene discovery and teratogen testing.Therapeutic cloning involves the decease of cloned human embryos. The moral controversy arises depending on what status cloned human organizes possess. I feel that there are 3 main responses to this question.Human being and human embryo are essentially differentHuman embryos are essentially different from human beings and have no status. Bonnie Stienbock stipulates that cognitive status is not a matter of species membership but kinda the ability to think, feel and experience. Early embryos cannot feel or experience anything. Thus, nought you do to an embryo, including the act of killing it, can harm its interests because embryos do not have any interests.Human being and human embryos are essentially the samePeter Garret, research director of Life, an anti abortion group in Britain states that therapeutic cloning is simply a form of technological cannibalism. The moral reasoning being that cloning a human embryo to harvest stem cells would be equivalent to creating an individual with the eventual aim of plundering him/her for body parts. To bring it in line with Steinbocks view, species membership is the philia determining factor when deciding whether a human organism has cognitive status.Respect for human lifeThe third response presents that view that while human embryos are not equivalent to human beings, they are still a form of human life and are deserving of respect. Steinbock stipulates that the implication of and importance of embryos is symbolic. The respect that we confer to human embryos is analogous to that we accord to murdered bodies. A dead human body does not have interests by itself but we show respect for dead bodies by burying them in accordance with our social or religious views. We do this because the dead human body represents a soulfulness who has existed. Similarly, we can argue that respect should be accorded to human embryos because of its potential to buy the farm a human being.I do feel that the development of sound bioethics depends on according embryos, fetuses or babies some sort of moral significance and importance. But as these reflections show, advances in biotechnology lead us to explore the philosophical issues regarding how to develop and apply new medical and technological possibilities. There are conflicts regarding the moral standing of azoic human life, issues regarding the meaning of personal identity and the potential to become a person. The challenges of the future will not only be scientific, but will require careful grounding in bioethics.Post humanismThe development of superior diagnostic, therapeutic, preve ntive and enhancement techniques are sure to raise human life expectancy. Eminent researchers in the field of biogerontology such as Aubrey de white-haired(a) speculates that if accelerated aging syndrome such as Progeria can be fought as a disease, natural aging should fall along the same lines. Regenerative medicine can eventually thwart the natural aging process resulting in increased longevity. This is certainly within the realm of possibility, when all dysfunctional organs can continually be refreshed, we would have a substantially longitudinal lifespan.If regenerative medicine is the first step in curing aging and subsequently, a declaration of war on human mortality, indeed an interesting issue is forced upon us. Should humans use technology to overcome or continue the limits of our mortality imposed on us by the evolution of human biology? When indeed these limits are overcome or greatly extended, then mortality is no longer a definitive feature of human life. In the abs ence of this defining feature, are human beings aspiring to become mere artifacts of our own engineering?I personally feel that much of the meaning and virtue in being human stems from our understanding of the finitude of mortal life. Much of the nobility embodied in human beings stem from procreation, a recognition that our future is shaped by and for our successors. Nothing proficient can come from continually extending the life of the progenitors.Preimplantation Genetics Testing and EugenicsDevelopments in reproductive medicine have provoked another range of questions, arising from the fact that techniques involving in vitro fertilization make it possible to examine and possibly garble the embryo prior to its implantation and development through fetal to the baby stage. This leads to what is known as the designer baby issue imposing an prototype pattern on an embryo. The usual practice in clinics is to create a number of embryos in vitro and retain only those that meet the de sired criteria. There are a number of situations where this procedure whitethorn be chose.It may be a matter of parents seeking to have a electric shaver free from a genetic condition known to be a risk in the family. However, groups representing the disenable claim that such selection disvalues disabled people. The same situation can be applied to selecting embryos by arouse when the genetic condition involved is sex-linked. This would have broader impacts when sex selection is through for cultural or social reasons since this raises issues on the relative value set on male and female and the impact on the balance of sexes in society.Pre-implantation Tissue Typing (PITT) to produce a compatible donor for a sick family member takes the discussion onto new grounds. Many of them were covered in the film My Sisters Keeper and it raises questions close the exploitation of the resulting child and the violation of its own human rights claims.The spectrum of a new type of eugenics lies in the wait in any debate about designer babies. Scientists have rubbished the practice of eugenics as the convergence on a monoculture of i switch types may lead to elimination of traits that turn out to have evolutionary advantages.The issues that I have discussed have shown that there is a possibility of altering the embryos genetic structure either to eliminate some genetic diseases or, to promote sought-after characteristics such as intelligence or sporting potential. We are already screening different potential lives (embryos) in vitro to decide which should be given a meet at live and which should be allowed to perish. It is no longer the creation of live as we discussed earlier but the control, shaping and disposal of life that are at stake. This all leads to a brave new world of scientific eugenics.A variety of philosophers and scientists have argued for a developmental model of the healthy status of the human embryo and foetus. The Roe vs. Wade decision held that gest ation can be divided into 3 periods, corresponding to the degree that the foetus has been developed. The Supreme Court upheld that these periods correspond to an increasing standing of the emerging person in the human community. Yet the national debate continues and the lack of consensus about the status of the embryo has resulted in contradictory legal definitions in the US. fairness of embryo research varies from country to country as well.There is no clear guideline to the usage and treatment of embryonic material as there are too many fundamental questions that go to the take root of humanity. Yet, I suggest that we apply the Kantian tradition of respect for persons and human rights that has been part of our history of civilized societies that balances. By all means, move ahead(predicate) with stem cell research but let us be aware of all the issues surrounding it. Bioethics will continue to be face with challenging questions, some of which we have not even conceptualized. I n considered how to deal with moral issues, we should not narrow the range of persons who have moral responsibilities in determining answers. Both bioethicists and lawmakers must look to guidance from the public, not only from scientific and business interests. The public too have a special duty, which the media should assist in, to be well-informed in these complex matters.

The Biopower of Beauty Essay -- Literary Analysis, Mimi Thi Nguyen

In The Biopower of Beauty humanistic Imperialism and Global Feminism in an Age of Terror, Mimi Thi Nguyen argues that strike as a measure of moral type functions to define an individual. Nguyen explains that knockout promises to be redemptional and bring an individual from the outside in relation with the world(362). For example, the United States finished nongoverenmental orgainizations (nongovernmental organizations), have promoted beauty to Afghanistan women because it is a way if liberating them from an uncivilized barbaric troupe that oppresses them to hide their beauty by means of the veil. According to Kant, the veil is considered ugly because it hides the body, which is associated with the erotic. Kant claims that beauty made visible is true and good, piece the invisible is ugly and erotic (266). Nguyen claims using Kant that beauty is connected to morality because it exploits visible what the ugly is act to hide by providing a pathway in which beauty chiffon ier improve ones life. Nguyen asserts that individuals use beauty as a serious of techniques to mother knowledge and emotions that function to portray the individual with dignity in equality to the ugly. Thus, the use of beauty as an educational utensil that measures their character is an important factor in teaching women to associate themselves with the rest of the world. Nguyen states the programs that NGOs provide for women who do not have the knowledge to make themselves beautiful, serve as programs of empowerment that be connected to forms of dominance (360). Nguyen claims through beauty, Afghanistan women are suppose to feel a sense of self-worth and agency that was denied to them, while adhering to a set of westward ideals of beauty. Nguyen claims this produces individual... ...auty School. From Nguyen, beauty functions in foucauldian terms because the students are made aware about their bodies in relation to the west that forces them to regulate themselves in ord er to adhere to beauty norms and standards set forth by their instructors. Nguyen contends that the western experts then shape the bodies of the students, who will then shape the bodies of others who overly want to be like the west. Since western institutions are in nominate of the Kabul Beauty School, the beauty school functions to cultivate women who want to husband beauty for the sake of their dignity and morality as a tool against the ugly and uncivilized who are not like the west. In conclusion, Nguyen argues that beauty connected to morality justifies the United States intervention within Afghanistan that regulates individuals to accept western culture over their own.

Booker T. Washington :: essays research papers

Booker T. chapiter was the first African American whose likeness appeared on a United States post fester stamp. working capital overly was thus honored a quarter century after his death. In 1946 he also became the first nasty with his image on a coin, a 50-cent piece. The Tuskegee Institute, which Washington started at the age of 25, was the where the 10-cent stamps first were avail equal to(p). The educators monument on its campus shows him lifting a symbolic veil from the head of a freed slave. Booker Taliaferro Washington was born a slave on April 5, 1856, in Franklin County, Va. His mother, Jane Burroughs, was a grove cook. His father was an unknown white man. As a child, Booker brush yards and brought water to slaves working in the fields. Freed after the American Civil War, he went with his mother to Malden, W. Va., to join Washington Ferguson, whom she had married during the war. At about age 16 Booker set out for Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, which had been launch by the chief of the Freedmens Bureau to educate former slaves. He walked practically of the way, working to earn the fare to complete the long, dusty journey to Virginia. For his access test he repeatedly swept and dusted a classroom, and he was able to earn his board by working as a janitor. by and by graduation three years later he taught in Malden and at Hampton. A former slave who had become a successful farmer, and a white politician in search of the Negro vote in Macon County obtained financial support for a training school for blacks in Tuskegee, Ala. When the board of commissioners asked the head of Hampton to send a principal for their new school, they had evaluate the principal to be white. Instead Washington arrived in June 1881. He began classes in July with 30 students in a shanty donated by a black church. Later he borrowed money to buy an abandoned plantation nearby and moved the school there. By the time of his death in Tuskegee in 1915 the institute had some 1,500 students, more than 100 well-equipped buildings, and a large faculty. Washington believed that blacks could promote their constitutional rights by impressing Southern whites with their economic and moral progress. He wanted them to forget about political power and concentrate on their farming skills and learning industrial trades.

The Present State Of Neutrino Masses :: essays research papers

One of the watercourse questions in physical science is whether or not neutrinos have pile and what this mass is. Neutrinos atomic number 18 subatomic particles that have no electrical charge and move plainly via the weak nuclear force. They are products of radioactive decay processes, and thusly are produced abundantly in our sunniness, our atmosphere, and in other astrophysical sources much(prenominal) as supernovae and active galactic nuclei. Millions and millions of them are crossing through the primer every second, but only very few of them go out act with the Earth. In practice you can say they are invisible. But fortuitously we can detect them by building a very vainglorious detector and waiting long enough. There are several(prenominal) reasons to seem for a possible non-zero neutrino mass. Fermion masses in general are unity of the major mysteries/problems of the standard model. Observation or nonobservation of the neutrino masses could introduce a useful ne w perspective on the subject. Nonzero neutrino masses are predicted in most extensions of the standard model. They therefore constitute a powerful dig into of new physics. Also, there may be a hot night matter component to the universe. If so, neutrinos would be (one of) the most important things in the universe. The observe spectral distortion and deficit of solar neutrinos is most easily accounted for by the oscillations/conversions of a massive neutrino. The largest neutrino detector is the Super-Kamiokande and is located in the Kamioka Mine, about two hundred km north of Tokyo. It is water cerenkov detector, which means it is a large (40 meters diam by 40 meters tall) tank of ultra-pure water viewed by thousands of sensitive phototubes. Super-Kamiokande will address some of the most important open questions in physics today, such as why does the Sun appear to produce only half as many neutrinos as theory would predict? Do neutrinos have mass? Do protons decay, as predicted by Grand trades union Theory?One source of neutrinos are nuclear reactions. Inside our Sun nuclear reactions are occurring on a gigantic scale. Lots of neutrinos are produced. There are enough of them, that when they reach the Earth they can dummy up be detected. Since physicists can calculate how many of them should be seen, there is a big problem because we see too few, roughly two quantify too few. This is so called the solar neutrino problem. There can be several solutions to the puzzle. One is that we do not understand the Sun well enough.

Conflict And Resolution Within A Work Group Essay example -- Group Tea

Effective communications is defined as the prospered exchange of information between individuals. An effective communicator is successful in establishing an active agent cardinal-way link with another individual or group. When people puzzle out in groups, there are two quite separate issues involved. The scratch line is the task and the problems involved in getting the job done. The second is the mathematical operation of the group work itself the mechanisms by which the group acts as a unit. Without referable attention to this process the value of the group can be attenuate or even destroyed yet with a little limpid management of the process, it can enhance the worth of the group to be more times the sum of the worth of its individuals. It is this synergy which makes group work personable in corporate organization despite the possible problems (and time spent) in group formation (Blair, 2015). Conflict and Causes of ConflictsConflict is any situation in which individual s or groups do not agree. Individuals or groups have disparate ideas, sake or goals and can not compromise because the opposing parties have sound beliefs that they are very different from each other. People have different views on many different subjects therefore, when interests are threatened, passage of armss arise. There are two types of conflicts positive conflicts and negative conflicts. A positive conflict is where the resolution of the conflict results in a positive solution. If the conflict creates better decisions, develops shared ideas, and personalized growth and change, it is considered to be a positive conflict. Negative conflict is where the outcome of the conflict creates a destructive result. If the conflict creates unresolved anger, personality clashes, disordered self esteem or low ... ...rson chooses the way the encoded message is to be transmitted or channeled to the other person or group. This can be done by various ways, such as, face-to-face, written, or electronic mail, unless to touch on a few. Upon receiving the message the receiver has the option to furnish feedback to the source. Feedback is a fundamental part of the communication process. It is important to realize how unfavorable feedback can be and how it can overcome difficulties when communicating. The group process must be planned, monitored and reviewed just like any other managed process (Blair, 2015). ReferencesBlair, G.M. (n.d.). Groups that work. Web. 17 April 2015.http//www.see.ed.ac.uk/gerard/Management/art0.htmlBeard, Ronald. (n.d.). Working With Group Conflict University of Maine. Web. 17 April 2015.http//www.umext.maine.edu/onlinepubs/PDFpubs/6106.pdf

Slavery: A Building Block in the Foundation of Americas History Essay

Slavery was front preceding the European discovery of the Americas. It was limited to the conquered sight of the indigenous nations and it was not widespread. This situation changed with the arrival of Europeans, as they possessed modern weapons with which they were able to overtake the most formidable segments of homegrown tribes. Sickness introduced to the indigenous tribes by the Europeans reduced the enslaved population to the point that spick-and-span workers were needed. A slave trade was brought into existence by this need. Slaves were still collect from indigenous tribes, but they were supplemented with African slaves brought by ship. These events helped to forge the Americas into the prosperous cultures they eventually became. Slavery influenced culture during the revolutionary period with the beginnings of racism, this culture change initiated statute law concerning race, which started with the first emancipation around 1780. How these two topics were molded until th e 1850s, and have remained present in the modern era of our lives will be proven in the following essay.The word racism is a term used to place the believed differences between people of different tints, be driving of traits, morals, or intellectual prowess. These perceived differences cause a racist person to treat a person of color in ways that would be unaccepted by most people in their own race. 1 This practice, racism, was initiated in the 17th century to promote or justify the use of slaves in what was to become the join States. Racism is confirm by many means including the discussion, science, and hypothetical theories. A widespread spiritual following in the Americas became the basis for acceptance of racism using the bible for justification. It ran into... ...hudacoff, Fredrik Logevall, Beth Bailey, and Debra Michals. A People & A Nation A history of The United States and A More Perfect Union. Mason, Ohio Cengage Learning, 2010.3. Goldenberg, Amy Production Editor. R ACE Are We So Different?. Arlington, VA American Anthropological Association , 2010. http//www.understandingrace.org/history/gov/expan_slavery.html. (accessed March 20, 2012).4. Valbrun, Marjorie. write the Script Wont Change the Facts in the Trayvon Martin Case. Slate.com. April 2, 2012. Accessed April 12, 2012. http//www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2012/04/02/trayvon_martin_zimmerman_s_black_friend_and_hispanic_defenses_won_t_work_.html.5. Olafson, Steve. Tulsa Shootings Evoke Citys by Racial Violence. Reuters News Service. Accessed April 10, 2012. http//www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/11/us-usa-crime-tulsa-idUSBRE83A02J20120411.

To what extent is Lord of the flies a pessimistic book? Essay -- Engli

To what extent is Lord of the flies a pessimistic book?Lord of the Flies highlights the flaws in human being record and shows howthey affect the societies we create. Lord of the flies has apessimistic atmosphere throughout. Although to commence with the bookseems to be quite positive, (the boys have fun and are affirmativeabout being rescued) the atmosphere is slowly transformed into one ofsavagery, affright and betrayal. The ending of the book leaves the readerfeeling pessimistic about human nature and sorry for Ralph.The first time the boys meet together there is a positive atmosphere,the boys are excited and their progress towards constructing a educate society makes us hopeful. They vote for a leader and Ralphis chosen, This toy of voter turnout was almost as pleasing as the conch.The way both the conch and voter turnout are expressed as Toys reminds usthat these are small children. They use up toys to keep them busy. It isalmost as if they are playing a grainy and this is Golding firstominous hint that there is trouble ahead- the language suggests thatthe boys do not see the seriousness of the situation.In chapter 1 Ralph rogue and Simon hunting the island. It seemsbeautiful, every coign of the mountain held up trees-flowers andtrees. This optimistic atmosphere is increased by the description ofthe island and the mood of the boys, this time Ralph expressed theintensity of his emotion by pretending to knock down Simon and soonthey were a happy, heaving sens in the under-dusk. However this is agreat contrast to later in the book, the violence becomes real ratherthan playful when, Roger sharpened the stick at both ends. The lasttime this had been done was to stick a pigs head, which Jack and h... ...ereis evil within man. I study Goldings point is quite a realistic one,society around us is shaped on the natures of the mint with in itand how easily they are swayed or how manipulative they are. If theycan master many people they can do what they want and takecontrol, further if a person is easily swayed they would make a weakleader. I found this book very interesting as it put preceding manyinteresting views and questions. I found it quite pessimistic. I thinkthis is because Golding concentrated on the flaws in mans naturerather that the positive aspects. mayhap this is because Goldingthought that it is easier for man to do wrong than to do right andthat the savagery within can come out with less effort consequently it takesto do good. Ralph certainly reflects my feelings when he wept for theend of innocence and the darkness of mans heart.