The American Media and the Exploitation of Men :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument

The American Media and the Exploitation of MenMens rights in the media argon deliberately ignored today on TV and in the newspapers. Men have a social obligation to get married, have children, and support the family by going to work eight hours a day. Not many people count on that custody dont have these obligations in life.Warren Farrell it talks about how custodys expectations ar unfair in the world today in the term Men as Success Objects by (page 185). Intentions for marriage have changed over the last millennium. From private fulfillment, relationship, to love both men and women have their reasons for getting married. But with marriage theres sometimes a divorce that comes with it, which has increased during the years. Because media focus on the womens rights, most people dont understand the sexism directed against men. The idea men are jerks is thought by women which have dominated the media. along with fighting the degrading advertisements on the TV, men in addition hav e to live up to the obligation of bringing home a salary. Women marry men who are successful or have potential to make money in the world today. There are only a small percentage of men who will marry a woman because of her potential. More people need to recognize the unequal treatment men get these days.In the article Marriage, Horror, and Susan Reimer, the author expresses his disgust for the idea of marriage and having children. The woman Susan Reimer represents every American woman who thinks that no one is good enough for her. Every Susan says that they despise men, nonetheless they want to get married and have babies. These kinds of women will rape men in divorce courts, which should convince men to avoid them. Marriage can also do permanent financial damage to men, which is why being single is not a bad idea in these times. Men should always think twice about having children. From bad schooling to divorce can have permanent damage on a child. Despite what women say, having c hildren should not be a priority. Because of the womens attitudes towards men today in America, it is recommended to find a wife somewhere overseas.Both of the texts have a strong point on mens rights, and the perception on what women really want out of men. The authors would probably agree that men are being treated unfairly compared to women these days.

Car Troubles :: Autobiography Essay, Personal Narrative

Ever since I set eyes on my car, I have had nothing but a headache. Not only is it the loudest car, but it in like manner drifts right into the trees, and it shakes at thirty and sixty m.p.h. Even with all of my cars faults, nothing prepared me for its final act of cruelty. My stinker died thirty transactions before warm-ups for our big game, and I had the starting line up with me.Laura, Allison, Kristen, Kierra, and I had all packed into my two-door death trapto get a snack at Dunkin Donoughts. Being the responsible upper classman, I made surewe left with ample prison term to get ready for the game. Unfortunately, there wasnt enoughtime in the world to help us with our disaster. We were stopped at a red light howlingalong to a Lenny Kravitz song, which I now hate, when Kristen nervously uttered, Meg Ithink your car stopped running.I confidently replied, Nah Well, to my surprise, when I stepped on the gas, we didnt go anywhere. All of a sudden, I began express feelings hysterica lly and the rest of them chimed in, until, BEEP the light had turned green AAHH we shrieked. We finallyrealized that we were stuck in a useless hunk of metal at Toms Rivers busiest intersection. What are we gonna do? I thought. At the time, shrieking and laughing were our best solutions. Finally, as people were going around us, giving us the finger and vow at us, my four skinny mini passengers got out to push my 2000 lb. pile of tin. As they set out on their mission to rescue us from existence stranded in a sea of road rage, all I could do was laugh.The time was twenty minutes until warm-ups and my mighty mouse teammateshad managed to push my lemon into Amocos parking lot. We had to hurry and this scrapheap running again. Laura yelled, Maybe it needs anti-freeze So, she galloped away(predicate) to the store and in two minutes she was back with a container of anti-freeze. After wepoured the fluid into my car, we tried to start my car, Vroom VroomNothing Shit I panicked. So, we decided to stare at the car a unretentive longerhoping the car would tell us what it needed. There were only five minutes of stretching time left, and we were still stranded ten minutes away from school. We are so dead, I thought to myself.

Billy Liar :: Drama

How I Would Play BillyPage 36, Act 2, Lines Rita, will you listen for matchless minute No,listen to what Im telling you Until Page 39, Lines He cant washhimself, never mind the pots.The reason I chose Billy to discuss how I would get together his role in theplay is not only I was him in the short scene presented to the class,but he has more to him than meets the eye.There are so many things which distinguish Billy character, and makehim unique. Billy is proposed to three different girls, he startstells small fibs to make his life sound more interesting, but gradually people realise that he is lying and he makes up more lies toget himself out of trouble. Eventually his life seems to be based onlies.In the scene I switch chosen it begins with Billy on the phone with thedomineering Rita. He seems to be over powered by her frequent and poignant questions not to mention her intolerant attitude. In thiscase I would play Billy with a sense of awareness about him, as if hedidnt want anyon e to hear what he was saying. By that I mean a softervoice, and he would keep looking over his shoulder to check no one wasthere listening. Towards the end of the phone call however I wouldmake sure Billy would be getting worked up because Rita was sayingthat she would be breathing out round there to collect the ring and shewouldnt take no for an answer. Billy would raise his voice slightly,and he would be gritting his teeth trying to accept his anger in.Eventually Rita hangs up on him and he slams the phone down releasinghis anger from the phone call.In the phone call I would down Billy pausing a lot, making it soundlike Rita would be interrupting him. Also I would have him say theline Of course its all right... with a very soft and gentle tone,trying to calm her down, and convince her that nothing has happened toher precious ring.On top of that this is the first case that you see Billy lying, inthis particular scene I have chosen. The ring is certainly not at thejewellers, it i s sitting on Barbaras finger.During the phone call I would have Billy walking back and fourth aboutfour steps at a time. This should represent that a lot is going on inhis head and that he is nervous. I would have him waving his left handaround, as if he is making everything up on the spot, his right hand

Gender Roles in Twelfth Night Essay -- William Shakespeare Twelfth Nig

Born on approximately April 23, 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, William Shakespeare is considered by many to have been the greatest writer the side language has ever known. His literary legacy included 37 plays, 154 sonnets, and five major poems. Among his many plays is the notable, Twelfth nighttime, a romantic comedy, placed in a festive atmosphere in which three couples are brought together happily. The play opens with Orsino, the Duke of Illyria, expressing his deep making love for the Countess Olivia. Meanwhile, the shipwrecked Viola disguises herself as a man and endeavors to enter the Dukes service. Although she has rejected his suit, the Duke then employs Viola, who takes the name of Cesario, to woo Olivia for him. As the play continues, Cesario falls in love with the Duke, and Olivia falls in love with Cesario, who is really Viola disguised. Maria, Olivias servant woman, desires to seek revenge on Malvolio, Olivias steward. To the delight of Sir Toby, Olivias uncle, and his friend Sir Andrew, Maria comes up with a plat to drop love letter supposedly written by Olivia in Malvolios path. When she does, they observe him, along with Fabian, another servant, as Malvolio falls for the bait. Believing that Olivia loves him, he makes a fool of himself (Napierkowski 3). The plot deepens as Cesario proceeds to woo Olivia for the Duke. It is only the second time that Cesario appears at Olivias home when Olivia openly declares her love for Cesario. Throughout this time, Sir Andrew has been nursing a look forward to to win Olivias love. When he plans to give up hope of her love, Sir Toby suggests that Sir Andrew fight with Cesario to impress Olivia. Cesario, however, refuses to fight. At the same time, Violas brother, Sebastian, who is also shipwrecked, makes his right smart to safe lodging in Illyria with Antonio the sea captain. After the fight between Cesario and Sir Andrew begins, Antonio intervenes to save Cesario, whom he takes for Sebastian. But t he Dukes officers promptly arrest Antonio for a ult offense. Then, Olivia later comes upon Sir Andrew and Sebastian bickering at her home. Olivia, thinking Sebastian is Cesario, leads Sebastian to marriage in a nearby chapel. Finally, Cesario inevitably reveals that he is Viola and Sebastian recognizes her as his sister. The Duke reciprocates Violas love offerings and proposes to her. Olivia assures Malvolio... ...e independent thinkers and advocates for their rights as women. In a time where women were not even able to act on the stage, Shakespeare created two strong characters that challenged the very ideals of Puritanical, Elizabethan society. deeds CitedDobson, Michael. Twelfth dark in The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare. New York Oxford University Press, 2001. Dominic, Catherine C. Twelfth Night in Shakespeare for Students. Book II. Detroit Gale, 1997.Fritze, Ronald. Historical Dictionary of Tudor England, 1485-1603. New York Greenwood Press, 1991.Green, Renton. Twelfth Nig ht Present Me As An Eunuch Female Identity in Twelfth Night. eNotes to Twelfth Night. Seattle Enotes.com LLC, October 2002. Ed. Penny Satoris. 20 February 2005 .Jones, Elizabeth. Cliffs Noted Hardbound Literary Libraries. Shakespeare Library Vol. I. address City Moon Beam Publications, 1990.Malcolmson, Christina. What You Will Social Mobility and Gender in Twelfth Night in Twelfth Night. New York St. Martins Press, 1996.Napierkowski, Marie Rose. Twelfth Night One-Page Summary. Shakespeare for Students. Vol. 0. Detroit Gale, 1998. 1 March 2005 .

The Space Race: USA vs USSR Essay -- The Space Race

The lay Race was a war of firsts between the United States of America and the join Soviet Socialist Republics. But it was also the culmination of the dreams of man for some millennia and the team who worked on the space programs were able to discover what so many of the mass that came before and after them could only dream of. It was an endeavor that all of humanity was invested in at the time. It was a testament to the power of the human spirit and it showed how zilch was impossible if we persevered and strived to be better.The space race did not start as one would expect with the respective American and Soviet space agencies. But sooner it began with the German V2 missile launches towards the end of World War 2. The V2 missile was designed by Wernher Von Braun a German scientist who had dreamed of traveling to the moon for many years however this dream had to be abstruse as it was considered to be treasonous and not helpful to the German cause. Von Braun and many other criti c rocketeers were drafted into the German war machine in order to help build a super weapon and their base was Peenemnde. When the war was nearing its end the Third Reich unleashed its secret weapon, the V2 missile. It could hit anywhere within its target range and there would be no warning. When it hit, it caused scenes of mass destruction. The V2 missiles were to be Hitlers ace in the hole. However by then it was far too late the war had already been lost with Soviets advancing from the East and the other Allies from the west and when the Allies discovered the Germans V2 missile they knew that they would have to have it as it was decades further than what they had on their own. So when truce was declared it was a race between the Americans and... ...on/timeline/timeline2.html. PGM-19 Jupiter. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Dec. 2014. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. Redstone (rocket Family). Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Mar. 2014. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. The Space Race. History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. . Space Race. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. . TheSpaceRace.com - Timeline of Space Exploration. TheSpaceRace.com - Timeline of Space Exploration. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. . Voskhod Programme. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Nov. 2014. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. . Waging Peace. Cold War The Space Race and Its Significance. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014.

The Space Race: USA vs USSR Essay -- The Space Race

The Space black market was a war of firsts between the United States of America and the Union Soviet Socialist Republics. But it was also the culmination of the dreams of man for many millennia and the team who worked on the space programs were able to discover what so many of the people that came onward and after them could only dream of. It was an endeavor that all of humanity was invested in at the time. It was a testament to the power of the human spirit and it showed how nothing was undoable if we persevered and strived to be better.The space race did not start as one would expect with the respective American and Soviet space agencies. But rather it began with the German V2 missile launches towards the end of World War 2. The V2 missile was designed by Wernher Von Braun a German scientist who had dreamed of traveling to the moon for many long time however this dream had to be secret as it was considered to be treasonous and not helpful to the German cause. Von Braun and many other amateur rocketeers were drafted into the German war machine in order to help build a super weapon and their base was Peenemnde. When the war was nearing its end the Third Reich unleashed its secret weapon, the V2 missile. It could constitute anywhere within its target range and there would be no warning. When it hit, it caused scenes of mass destruction. The V2 missiles were to be Hitlers ace in the hole. However by whence it was far too late the war had already been lost with Soviets advancing from the East and the other Allies from the west and when the Allies discovered the Germans V2 missile they knew that they would have to have it as it was decades further than what they had on their own. So when truce was declared it was a race between the Americans and... ...on/timeline/timeline2.html. PGM-19 Jupiter. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Dec. 2014. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. Redstone (rocket Family). Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Mar. 2014. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. The Space Race. History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. . Space Race. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. . TheSpaceRace.com - Timeline of Space Exploration. TheSpaceRace.com - Timeline of Space Exploration. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. . Voskhod Programme. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Nov. 2014. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. . Waging Peace. Cold War The Space Race and Its Significance. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014.

What is postmodernism?

Modernity and postmodernism be terms used to describe different geological eras in the development of gracious societies. It is different from intimately sociological perspectives in that it has no over arching theory. Some think that western societies admit snuff itd from an era of modernity to post modernity, but others do not agree. The debate between modernity and postmodernism tends to be about to what extent society has changed, and so which theoretical cash advance is the most appropriate. Modernism began as a way of describing the ideas that emerged during the decline of medieval society.There were three main elements modernism, economic, political and cultural. Modernist thinking supports the idea that the purpose of schooling is to better the homosexual condition. Postmodernism opposes each of the assumptions of modernism. They say there is no such thing as valid or invalid companionship, they see knowledge as a form of control rather then liberation and that emp yrean theories are inadmissible. Postmodernism began to have a signifi pratt effect on sociology in the 1980s. most(prenominal) postmodernists believe that conventional approaches are no long-dated relevant to sociology, and must be discarded, approaches such as Marxism, functionalism and feminism they claim, were useful in explaining how society operated in previous eras but are no longer relevant to todays society. Modern theorists such as Durkhiem and Weber claim to be able to provide a comprehensive and definitive theory of society. Post modernists claim that this is not possible. Postmodernists claim that enlightenment has been abandoned in contemporary society.They claim people no longer believe in the inevitability of progress and the capacity of science to explain all. People are more pessimistic and no longer believe that grand theories such as Marxism and functionalism are able to explain society. There is now a much wider set of beliefs. French postmodernist writer Jean- Francois Lyotard argues that post-industrial society and so post-modern culture began to develop at the end to of the 1950s, although the rate of development varies between countries.Lyotard agrees that the advance of postmodernism undermines metanarratives of social progress, and people no longer believe that reason can conquer superstition. Lyotards explanation of how postmodernism has come about is somewhat wisplike, although he seems to attribute most importance to engineering. He believes postmodernism rest upon the miniaturisation and commercialisation of machines. Computer technology has become the principal force of production.He claims that post-modern society is founded on the production and exchange of knowledge and predicts that future wars will be about the control of knowledge as opposed to territorial disputes. It has been suggested that Lyotards theory sounds very similar to a Marxist criticism of capitalism, but postmodernism offers the possibility of tolerance, in which humans are not all corrupted by metanarratives. However critics have pointed out that wile Lyotard repeatedly critics metanarratives in his theory he himself has huge generalisations about the direction of human development.He also provides little evidence to support his theory. Marxist critic Terry Eagelton has pointed out that Lyotards key concept in the development in human society is technical language, and he says this is nothing more than a justification for capitalism and the pursuit of profit regardless of human consequence. Jean Baudrillard is also regarded as a post-modern theorist. Like Lyotard he sees societies as having entered a new and distinctive phase. Unlike Lyotard, and indeed most postmodernists he is rather pessimistic about the progeny of these changes.Baudrillard argues that society is no longer based production and economic forces involving material goods (in direct contradiction of Marxism). He says they have been replaced by the buying and selling o f signs and images, which have no relation to material reality. To him society is based upon production and exchange of free-floating images that have little or no connection to what they actually represent. Baudrillard differs from Lyotard in that he sees humans as trapped in a type of powerless uniformity and not being liberated by diversity.He too is vague in explaining how exactly postmodernism has come about. Unlike Lyotard he attaches significance to the television and mass media as an important factor. Critics have argued however that Baudrillards writing is very abstract. It offers examples to illustrate arguments and no overbearing evidence. It has been suggested that Baudrillard was so immersed in his theory that to some extent he lost his grip on reality, as in later counterfeit he went on to suggest that the gulf war did not exist, but was just a series of images produced by the media, with no evidence that they were real.One of the most inflection sociologists to rej ect the claims of postmodernism is Anthony Giddens. He does not accept that enlightenment thinking must be abandoned and that metanarratives no longer have a place. He believes postmodernity may develop in the future but unlike sociologist such as David Harvey he does not accept that we have entered an era of post modernity. He does however think that significant changes have taken place within modernity and claims that we are in a period of late modernity.He says that when we move into an era of post modernity there will be four main institutional structures present in society. These are, multi-layered democratic participation, demilitarisation, and humanisation of technology, post scarcity system. He does admit that his idea of a post modern society is a rather idyllic one, as it is hard to imagine richer countries sharing their wealthiness with poorer countries for example, but is willing to except it may happen in the future.His theory is backed up only by occasional example ra ther than systematic evidence, however it remains the main opposition to post modernism theories. The main criticism of postmodernism is that it is paradoxical. How can you have a general theory that argues that general theories are no longer relevant? However many consider postmodernism to be an important area of sociology even if they do not believe society has nevertheless reached that stage in development.

Naxalism Essay

One of the largest internal gage threats that the government of India faces today is Naxalism. 1Recent reports show that naxalist movements wee spread to as many as 22 maintains across India, including states much(prenominal) as Gujarat, Punjab, Delhi and Uttarakhand that were earlier known not to have any links to naxalism and as many as 39 Left-wing extremist groups argon currently operating in the res publica with a combined membership of more than a lakh. The naxalite-armed movement is based on the Maoist ideology, which is mobilizing large parts of hoidenish populations to revolt against established institutions by engaging in guerilla warfarefare. The Naxalites use of arm and ammunition against the state and central security forces has challenged the very principles of the state, which are sovereignty and the sole control on use of power. In light of this the research paper aims to explain that how Naxalism has proved to be a challenge to the state of India and how the I ndian government is trying to overcome this challenge. (2)According to Prime pastor Manmohan Singh, Naxalism remains the biggest internal security challenge and it is imperative to control left-wing extremism for the countrys growth. These lines by the Prime Minister itself explains that how Naxalism is a serious challenge to India. The terms Naxalites or Maoists are used to refer to militant far-left radical communist groups operating in India. They are inspired by the doctrines of Mao Zedong who believed that Naxalites should work to overthrow the government and upper classes by violence. The start of Naxalism can be traced plump for from a period when the Mughals used to rule the country but originally it (3) started from Naxalbari area in West Bengal in 1967 and since then has spread to the rural areas in central and eastern India, ostensibly to champion the cause of small farmers and tribals through violence but was wiped out in 1970. It soon became out of fashion in its hom eland West Bengal. But the underground operations of the outfit continued.The Naxal Management Division of the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) describes the (4) objectives of Naxalites as destroying the State legitimacy, and to create a mass base, with certain degree of acceptability, with the ultimate object of attaining political power by violent means. The MHA has in addition stated that Naxalites attach themselves to various organizations and socie liaisons on issues such(prenominal) as displacement, land reforms and acquisition where they can increase their mass support. (5) They have been named as a terrorist organization according to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India, 1967.Naxalites since long have been challenging the central and the state government on various fronts. The naxalites have been attacking police establishments and infrastructures such as public transportation, national buildings, which has caused insecurity and dissymmetry in the entire area. (6) From the period 2006-2012, there were nearly 12,000 incidents with Naxalites in which 4,000 civilians kil direct. The Naxalites have been spotted active in approximately 40 percent of Indias geographical area. (7) They control large portions of remote and densely forested areas and are concentrated in an area cal conduct cherry Corridor. This area is also the tribal belt where the strain between economic development and aboriginal land rights is most apparent. The Naxalists have shown activity in recent times in regions such as Darbha Valley, Chattisgarh that has led to several deaths of civilians and security-personnel. Naxalism affects the nation at various stages. It affects several macroeconomic factors such as reduction in per capita GDP growth, higher inflation rates, lower value revenues, higher expenditure on defense at the cost of expenditure on education and health and lower exports, bring down bilateral trade flows and reduced foreign direct investment infl ows. The Indian Government has adopted various policies and various steps in an adjudicate to tackle the problem of naxalism. The India Home Minister P Chidambaram has declared that the security forces need to be more assertive against the Maoists. However, this is only one part of the solution.An examination of the reasons behind the Naxalite movement indicate that armed services force on its own pull up stakes not be enough to counter Indias biggest security. So various other approaches like 8A Task fight on inter-State coordination headed by Special Secretary, Internal Security, anInter Ministerial Group in the Ministry of Home Affairs to review the implementation of development programmes in Naxalite abnormal areas, a high-level Task Force under Cabinet Secretary have been formed for promoting coordinated efforts across a range of development and security measures. These institutional mechanisms, and the interactions that have taken place, have eventually helped to generate a degree of consensus among the States about the need to pursue a coordinated strategy. In an attempt to deal with this decades old problem, it has been felt appropriate, after various high-level deliberations and interactions with the State Governments concerned, that an integrated approach aimed at the relatively more affected areas would give surer results. 9With this in view, a detailed analysis of the spread and trends in respect of naxalite violence has been made and 34 affected districts in 8 States have been taken up for special attention on planning, implementation and monitoring of development schemes. Within these 34 districts, 8 most affected districts in 4 States, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa, have been taken up for implementation of integrated security and development action plans, an approach that can be replicated in other affected districts also. Focused attention is also being provided in meeting the security deficits in these districts, in terms of e mployment of infrastructure, police deployment, weaponry, equipment, etc. The concerned ministries are also taking undeniable steps.The Telangana movement of the 1940s was what started the Naxali movement and more importantly the revolt in 1967 in Naxalbari have created a political movement in India that is deep- germed unwaveringly and cannot be swept away easily. The state has been dealing with the problem of naxalism for the past 40 years and if it doesnt change the way it handles naxalism then the problem of naxalism will carry on for coming few decades. The record of the past four decades shows clearly that an approach that is approximately exclusively based on force and downsizing is not able to destroy the movement. Even a situation like in 1971 where the state was able to curb the challengers with a hard hand and almost destroyed the movement, cannot be repeated today as it is entrenched too deeply within Indias socio-political sphere of the affected areas. The state is a t war with itself but this war cannot be won by the use of military. It will carry on to be a part of Indian politics andsociety, as long the state does not acknowledge the fact that why these movements are not coming to an end. The government seriously needs to find a enduring solution. The proposal of developing the remote areas will further worsen the situation, as it is not what the Naxalis demand.Therefore the state mustiness start to fight the competitiveness legally, besmirch collateral damage, strengthen the leadership of the security forces and abstain from any human rights violation. The security forces should start protecting the population living within the area of conflict instead of merely confronting the Maoists on large scale. The Naxalite movement must be challenged politically by presenting better alternatives to the Maoist approach and should offer new perspectives. In this regard the state should start addressing the basic needs of the poor and fulfilling its main responsibilities to deliver human development to these disadvantaged areas. But also the possibility of the Naxalites achieving their aims must be questioned. Indeed they were able to spread all over the country and constitute a big challenge but the persisting military tie makes it illusionary for the Maoists to seize state power within the foreseeable future. Their advantage is that they put issues on the public agenda, which were being ignored, and that they gave people a voice that was neglected. at once they are a part of the public discourse.I am in favor of the approach used by the naxalis as they are the minorities and it would have been marvellous for the movement to achieve similar results if it would have followed a non-violent approach, as they would have lacked publicity. Many people within the Indian society have sympathy for the root cause that the Maoists are fighting for, however the fewest agree on the violent way of struggle. The execution of brutal violenc e and attacks on civilians, such as the recent one where the Naxalis 10triggered a landmine blast in a forest area on the Maharashtra-Chhattisgarh border in the wee hours on Thursday, which eventually led to the killing of at least three police commandoes. Without a second thought Naxalism is a serious threat to the Indian state. The Naxalite movement is an indication of the chastening of the Indian state to provide human development for its citizens. Naxalism does not only threaten the flow of foreign direct investments but could destabilize the whole political order as many citizens lose their faith in the state and therefore its legitimacy is challenged. India, which is on its way to become one ofthe superpower on the international level, needs to tackle its internal problems urgently.BIBLIOGRAPHY Website articles1. Amitabh Sinha New Delhi, July 3, Fri Jul 04 2008, 2318 hrs. 2. Deccan Herald, May 24.3. Ritesh K Srivastava, reporting for zee news (October 17 2013) 4. Press empty by government of India, Naxal problem needs a holistic approach (22 july 2009). 5. Article by Naxal Management Division, a part of the home ministry of India on Naxals.Books 1. Red Sun by Sudeep Chakravarti (Penguin books Company)2. The Naxalites and their Ideologies by Rabindra Ray, Third edition (Oxford India Paperbacks)Primary Source 1. Red Sun by Sudeep Chakravarti (Penguin books Company)

Economics Essay

And preservation is a system that deals with human activities link up to the production, distribution, ex throw and consumption of goods and run of a country or other bea. Lionel Robbins defined economical science as the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and precisely center which submit alternative uses. (Robbins L. 1932) scotchs is based on the principle of scarcity of resources to satisfy human wants. As the resources to cater for the miscellaneous human ask ar limited, diddlers have to make choices.Scarcity of resources creates an economic problem that the economic systems try to solve. Economics uses assorted techniques, tools and theories to carry out analysis and to explain diverse actions and behaviors in the economic systems. Economics may be studied in various fields including environmental economics, financial economics, game scheme, information economics, industrial organization, outwear economics, international econo mics, managerial economics and public finance. The two main areas of economics are macroeconomics and microeconomics.Macroeconomics deals with the aggregate national economy of a country while the microeconomics deals with the economics of an individual firm or person and their interactions in the market, given scarcity of resources and regulations by the g overnment. Micro-economics is much concerned with the behaviors of individuals and firms in an industry and how these behaviors pertain supply and bring of goods and services. These behaviors also affect the prices charged to the goods and services. offer and admit are touch by the prices while price is affected by supply and demand.Hence these cardinal aspects have to balance at certain equilibrium. At this point, the price charged to the goods and services go forth attain equilibrium between supply and demand of the goods and services. The theory of Demand and supply is one of the fundamental theories in microeconomics . This theory explains the relationship between price of goods and services in relation to the quality sold. It also explains the various related turns that occur in the market. The theory of demand and supply helps in the determination of prices of commodities in a warring market environment.Demand of a goodness is the get of goods and services that consumers are volition and able to buy at a certain price. Besides the price demand of a good is affected by other factors such as the income of the consumer and tastes and preferences. The demand theory suggests that consumer are rational in choosing the quality of a product that they will consume at a certain price and also considering other factors like their income and tastes. Most of the time, the consumption of goods and services by these customers is constrained by their income.As consumer seek to increase the utility they obtain from a certain good or service, their income will act as a limiting factor. Thus the demand of a trade good depends on the purchasing power of the consumers. The purchasing power is find out by the amount of income the consumer gets. At a fixed income the demand of consumers will be determined by the price of the commodities. The law of demand suggests that demand and price of a commodity are inversely related. The higher(prenominal)(prenominal) the price of a commodity, the lower the demand of that commodity.When the price of commodity rises consumers will demand less of that good. This is because their purchasing power decreased. This is called the income ready. Increase in the price of a commodity will also takings to the customers changing their consumption of the commodity preferring other less expensive commodities. This is called the replacing effect. The demand of the planes I sell will depend on their price and other factors such as tastes and preferences of the various customers in different parts of my market. However their demand will also be constrained by t heir level of income.If I increase the price of the planes my customers will demand fewer quantities due to income effect. Some other customers may change to other similar products thus causing substitution effect. When the income of the consumer changes, his consumption of the commodity will not move along the identical demand curve, his demand curve will shift in proportion to his change of income. If the income increases the demand curve will shift outwards for a normal good. This means that at a certain price the consumer will now consume more goods than he could with his earlier income.If the income decreases the demand curve will shift inwards and the consumer will demand fewer quantities of commodities at a certain price. Supply is the total of a commodity that suppliers are able and willing to bring to the market at a certain price. Producers seek to maximize their profits and so will bring to the market quantities of commodity that will result to highest profits. The quan tity of goods and services supplied depend on the prices of those commodities. Supply and price of commodities are directly proportional.This means the higher the price of the good at the market the higher the quantity supplied. For the prices of a commodity to be stable, the quantities of the commodity demanded must be equal to the quantity supplied. When demand and supply are equal on equilibrium in price is attained. The equilibrium price is that which results to equal quantities of demand and supply. When the price of a commodity is higher than the equilibrium the quantity demanded will be lower than the quantity supplied. There will be excess quantities in t he market. The price will have to come down until the excess quantities are eliminated.IN the same way if the price is lower than equilibrium the quantities demanded will be higher than quantities supplied and hence the price will have to be increased until the demand equates supply. The demand and supply theory is used to determine prices in perfectly competitive markets. Price is the value paid by the consumers for the utility they receive from a commodity. The price of a commodity affects the demand, supply and the quantities of the commodity sold in the market. The market price of a commodity is the intervention between fringy utility of the consumer and the marginal cost of the supplier.The equilibrium price is the point where these marginal utility and marginal costs equate. Elasticity measures the changes of one thing in relation to another. Elasticity of demand is the rate of change of quantity demanded of a commodity for a accompaniment change in the price of the commodity. Different commodities will change different for the same change in their prices. For example two products may have the same price and the same demand but different elasticities, meaning when their prices change by one unit, their demand will change with different quantities.The commodity with higher demand pushover will have a greater change in demand for the same change of price than a product with a lower elasticity. This can also happen in the case of supply resulting to price elasticity of supply. Both price elasticity of Demand and price elasticity of supply are the two types of price elasticities. Another form of elasticity is income elasticity of demand which measures the rate of change of demand in relation to change in income (Nelson, Salzmann).If the price elasticity of supply of my panels is high, then a little change in the price will greatly affect the quantity of panels the suppliers will bring to the market. On the other had if the price elasticity of demand of the panels in my market is high, my varying of the prices at which I sell the panels will greatly affect their demand. Monopolies are whereby one firm controls the whole market or a big percentage of the market of a commodity. When a firm have monopoly over a commodity the operations of the market as in a perfectly competitiv e market will not be possible.The monopoly will couch its own prices whether they lead to equilibrium of demand and supply or not. Unless the monopoly is highly regulated the monopoly can manipulate the market by unfair practices like stash and price hikes. If I have a monopoly on the sale of the panels in my markets, I will have the liberty to set any price as far as it gives me maximum profits in disregard of the needs of the consumers. However, if there is only one source of the panels then I will have to accept any price the supplier determines. Monopoly is one cause of market imperfections.Market imperfection is where by the market systems are inhibited from operating ordinarily as in a perfectly competitive market. Other causes of market imperfection are externalities, public goods, uncertainties and extreme interference in the economy by the government. Market imperfection can lead to market failure. Macro economics deals with performance of the national economy as a whole . It describes the behavior and structure of the economy using indication such as GDP, unemployment place and price index (Mark Blaug 1985).Gross Domestic product is the sum of the market values or prices f all final goods and services produced in an economy during a period of time according to Sparknotes (http//www. sparknotes. com/economics/macros/measuring1/section1. html). Gross domestic product (GDP) is calculated by summing all the private consumption in the economy, investment by business or households, government expenditure and the net of exports and imports. The formula GDP = C + I + G + (X-M) is used where C is private consumption, I is investment, G is government expenditure and X is gross exports and M is gross imports (Sparknotes).Unemployment is whereby a person who is willing and able to work has no work (Burda, Wyplosz 1997), Unemployment rates show the performance of the economy as a whole. Unemployment is caused by different reasons. Unemployment rate can be calc ulated by dividing the number of unemployed workers by the total labor force. Philips curve was a theory that suggested that unemployment reduce inflation stating that unemployment reduces inflation stating that unemployment was inversely related to inflation. fanfare is the percentage rate of change of a price index (Burda, Wyplosz 1997).Inflation leads to general increase in the prices of gods in t he economy. Inflation affects the value of property in that it makes the purchasing power decrease. There are several theories used to explain practices in macro economics. The quantity theory of money is one of these theories that give the equation of change. It explains the relationship between overall prices and the quantity of money. The equation of change is given as M. V= P. Q where M is the total amount of money in circulation on average in an economy. V is the velocity of moneyP is price level Q is Index of expenditures. There have been different approaches to economics. These approaches differ on their view on certain aspects of economics. Some of the approaches that are there include Keynesian, monetarists, neo classical and the new classical. These different approaches led to up come of different schools of thoughts according to the inclination in the approach. However new developments have been advanced leading to acceptance of some of the aspects that had been disputed before by some approaches.Keynesian economics supported the use of policies to control the economy. The argument was that to reduce fluctuations the government had to base on actions ( pecuniary or monetary policy) on the wonted conditions of the economy. The new Keynesian economics tried to provide microeconomic to the older Keynesian economics Monetarism was against fiscal policy as it has a negative effect on the private sector Monetarists argued that government intervention through fiscal policy could lead to crowding out o f monetary policies rules (Mark B. 1985). financial poli cy is government intervention in the economic operations aimed at bringing stability of affecting certain changes in the economic environment. Fiscal policies are carried out though control of the government spending in the economy and use tax charged Fiscal policies are aimed at influencing the level of economic activities in the economy resource allocation and income distribution. The two tools, that is, Government spending and taxation is used differently to achieve different results. Incases of recession expansion fiscal policies are utilized.In this case the government increases its spending in the economy and reduces taxation. Contractionary fiscal policies are utilized by reducing government expenditure or spending in the economy and increasing tax charged. Contractionary fiscal policies can be used when there are high rates of inflation. Monetary policies are a form of intervention of the government into economic operation through interest rates so as to control the amount o f money in circulation. Expansionary monetary policy is applied during recession to increase the amount of money in circulation.Expansionary policy can also be used to curb unemployment in this case interest rates are lowered hence encouraging circulation of money. Contractionary monetary policies are applied by increasing the rate of interest rates in order to reduce the rate of money in circulation in the economy. Contractionary monetary policy can be utilized during high rates of inflation. Economic growth can be achieved by leaving the competitive market conditions to prevail. However the government should intervene where the market is so unstable so that to bring regulation aimed at attaining optimum operation in the economy.

Mother-tongue Education in South Africa Essay

IntroductionThe question of mother-tongue procreation in southbound Africa remains a vexed adept. On the maven hand, it seems reasonable and desirable that pupils should be able to receive education in their mother-tongue, if they so wish. On the other hand, there ar some genuinely authorized difficulties involved in the implementation of this ideal. The purpose of this paper is to clarify what these difficulties atomic trope 18, and consequently to suggest what motives to be d mavin to overcome them. The intention is neither to designate for or against the nonion of mother-tongue education in the southward African context, nor to consider whether its implementation is hard-nosedly possible, but simply to spell out what stemmas of action need to be undertaken if the idea is to be seriously pursued.BackgroundThe sulphur African Constitution guarantees learners the right to receive education in the expression of their choice1. Most ongoing search suggests that learn ers entering inculcate ar able to learn best through their mother-tongue, and that a second terminology (such as side of meat) is much easily acquired if the learner already has a firm grasp of his/her home lyric poem. Furthermore, the poor throughput rates in southward African schools at the moment, where b argonly a quarter of African speech learners who enter the schooling formation are likely to reach Matric2, seems to indicate that the afoot(predicate) practice of using face as the initial delivery of skill and teaching is at least one contributing factor to this problem.1 This right is, however, execute by the consideration of reasonable practicability, which is defined in the Language in development constitution of 1997 as occuring when 40 learners in a circumstance grade in a primary school, or 35 learners in a particular grade in a secondary school, demand to be taught in their mother tongue. 2 As a lean of newspapers reported, of the number of learners wh o entered Grade 1 in 1994 only 21.9% wrote the 2005 Matric examination. crimson taking into account such factors as the repetition of grades or learners leaving to schooling at FET Colleges, the percentage cannot be much higher than 25%.1.For some years now, educationists lose proposed that African language learners should be taught in their mother-tongue for at least the first three years of school before switching over to slope. More recently, the Minister of Education, Naledi Pandor, speaking at a Language Policy conference at the end of 2006, intimated that this initial period of mother-tongue instruction would be extended to six years, that is, both the Foundation anatomy (Grades 1 to 3) and the Intermediate Phase (Grades 4 to 6).If this proposal is to be taken seriously, there are a number of questions which need to be clarified and considered. The rest of this paper leave be devoted to this task. These questions may be divided into four main headings, although, as pass on become evident, there is much overlap between them language development, course development, teacher education and school implementation.Language DevelopmentThe night club authorised African languages are certainly able to function as media of communication at such levels as interpersonal conversation, narrative and cultural practice. As they currently exist, however, the ideal written forms of the languages make not yet been developed to the point where they are able to carry pedantic discourse effectively and therefore function as full-fledged languages of learning and teaching, compensate at the Foundation Phase. For the most part, they are based on particular rural dialects in conservative contexts, having been standardised in the nineteenth century by missionaries for such specific purposes as proselytisation, and subsequently by the unconnectedheid era Language Boards at least partly as a mechanism of socialcontrol. As such, these standard written forms remain in some(prenominal) ways archaic, bound and context-bound, and out of touch with the modern scientific world. In summation, thesestandard forms are often quite different from the various dialects speak by the existent language communities, even to the point in some cases of mutual incomprehensibility (see Schuring 1993 Herbert and Bailey 200259f). Nevertheless, it is axiomatic, as the Canadian linguist, William F. Mackey (199252), has pointed out, that the wishing of standardisation jeopardises the potential status of a language and that a language which lacks a well- established written form cannot become empowered.2.If they are to be implemented as academician languages of learning and teaching, therefore, the standard written forms need to be modernised, regularised, codified and elaborated. This entails a number of cosmic-scale projects the revision of the spelling and orthography rules of the languages the elimination of dialectal variation in the written material of the languages the enlargement of their vocabulary, especi eithery though not only in the fields of science and technology, together with the creation of modern dictionaries and the codification of their grammars, based on the actual current practices of their speech communities, rather than on otiose cultural norms.It is clear that this is a very large undertaking, which will bring the provision of very large resources, both material and human. Of course, in theory it can be done, and the example of Afrikaans in this country is often cited as evidence for this. It must be remembered, however, that the development of Afrikaans was contain relatively easy by the fact that it emerged out of Dutch, an already fully functional scientific language that enormous resources were do available through the National Party government that it was fuelled by an intensely nationalistic political will and that it was whole-heartedly supported by a community pursuit exclusivity and autonomy from Engl ish. None of these conditions obtains in the case of the African languages in the dedicate context, which makes thepossibility of their development into academic languages far less certain. And it must be acquire that all the investment put into the elaboration of Afrikaans would have to be increased at least ninefold if all of the official African languages are to be developed to the same degree.It must be noted, furthermore, that the development of the autochthonous languages into academic media of communication cannot be achieved merely through the endeavours of a few scholars running(a) in isolation, however industrious and well-intentioned they may be. This technicist and artificial view of language development is plainly insufficient. Instead, what needs to occur is that the sinless intellectual speech community of each language becomes actively involved in the development of the language as academic discourse by strenuously attempting to use the language to spell out sc holarly articles, give formal lectures, present conference paSouth Africa uses English and Afrikaans as the languages of teaching and learning.pers, produce textbooks and scientific manuals, and the numerous other activities which require a rigorous academic register. It is only when co-ordinated and3. To give but two lexical examples, there is no equivalent in isiZulu for the word hypothesis, darn insystematic linguistic research is able to draw on, and feed back into, an actual, developing discourse of practice in a mutually enhancing relationship, that a language can begin to evolve into a functioning mode of academic and scientific expression.After a period of some inertia, a number of projects have recently been undertaken to develop the African languages by both the university sector and the Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB). These include the establishment of research centres at some universities, as well as the creation of new courses in translation and terminograph y. The nine African National Language Bodies (under the aegis of PanSALB) have initiated projects aimed at orthographic standardisation lexicography and terminologydevelopment and the promotion of literature in the indigenous languages (see, for example, Webb, Deumert and Lepota, 2005). It remains true, however, that progress has not been rapid and that a very great deal more needs to be done if the ideal of the African languages functioning fully as academic and scientific media of instruction in South Africa is to be actualised.Curriculum DevelopmentIf the African languages are to be used as languages of learning and teaching in the classroom, the first and most obvious step that must be taken is to translate the Revised National Curriculum Statement (the RNCS) into these languages. At the moment, the only subject curricula which appear in the indigenous languages are the African languages as subjects themselves. The rest are available in English and Afrikaans only. It is plainly unjustifiable to propose that subjects be taught in the African languages when the RNCS the very basis of all subject content and methodology is not available to teachers in the putative languages of learning and teaching.In the Outcomes Based Education system which South Africa has adopted, there are three accomplishment Areas in the Foundation Phase Literacy, Numeracy and Life Skills. The subjects making up the Literacy Learning Area the eleven official languages as subjects are obviously written in the particular languages themselves. But the Numeracy and Life Skills Learning Areas have not yet been written in the nine African languages. Now, for thisSotho one term is used for the quite distinct scientific notions of force, power and energy.4. Translation to be conducted successfully, it is imperative to lard and clarify the subject- specific terminology in the African languages, as well as to develop their capacity for generic academic discourse. Thus, it is needed to de velop the African languages as academic and scientificlanguages, at least to a certain level, before the Foundation Phase computer program can be translated, and, consequently, before one can expect teachers to begin teaching the curriculum in the learners mother tongues with any degree of consistency and precision.In the Intermediate Phase, matters are rather more complex. Here, there are eight Learning Areas Languages, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, Arts and Culture, Economic and Management Sciences, Life Orientation, and Technology. Moreover, within these Learning areas there may be one or more distinct subjects for example, Natural Sciences comprises both Physical Science and Biology Social Sciences includes both History and Geography. As is to be expected, the curriculum for these Learning Areas becomes increasingly detailed and specialised as the learner progresses through the various Grades. In consequence, the translation of the RNCS in this Phase can only persist in successfully if the African languages have been developed to a significantly higher degree as academic languages. And, at the risk of repetition, it is only once the RNCS has been translated that teachers will be able to begin teaching the various Learning Areas effectively in the African languages.Naturally, it is not only the RNCS which must be available in the indigenous languages. All textbooks, readers, support material, teaching aids, guides and literature must be made readily accessible in these languages and kept regularly up to date. This is oddly important in the fields of mathematics, science and technology where an extensive range of new terms and phrases will have to be developed, learnt by the teachers and then communicated to the learners. obscure from the translation of the RNCS and related learning and teaching materials, it is in any case requisite that the curricula for the African languages themselves be revisited and revised. The content structur e and methodology for the teaching of the languages remains, like the languages themselves in many ways, rooted in an outmoded and ineffective pedagogic exemplar which hampers learning and diminishes interest. As a result, many learners emerge from the schooling system unable to write their own mother-tongue withany acceptable level of competence. Moreover, since they have often not been taught English (or Afrikaans)successfully, they find themselves unable to communicate effectively in their second language, in either oral or written mode. While they may have attained a certain level of basic interpersonal communicative competence, they lack what Jim Cummins (2000, for example) termed cognitive academic language development, and thus they are unprepared for higher education or for training in a sophisticated work environment.At this point, it is required to make a distinction between employing the African languages as authentic media of instruction throughout the curriculum and using the languages in the classroom in an informal, ad hoc manner in some or other form of code-switching. Given the diverse linguistic profiles of many South African classrooms, together with learners limited grasp of English, it is inevitable that teachers will resort to a mixture of languages for purposes of clarification and explication. In such contexts, code-switching is frequently a vital and indispensable pedagogical tool. Nevertheless, if the end is to develop the African languages into genuine academic languages, and have teachers use them as such, then code- switching cannot be viewed as anything more than a partial and transitional support mechanism.This becomes ever more apparent as learners move into the Intermediate Phase and beyond, where increasing emphasis is placed on independent reading and make-up skills. Learners who remain reliant on mixed-language modes of communication will find it extremely difficult to read texts written in the standard form of a partic ular language, as well as to write essays and assignments and to answer tests and examinations. Furthermore, given the highly context-specific, personal and arbitrary nature of code-switching, it is impossible to construct generally comprehensible and permanent academic texts in a mixed-language format. Thus, while code-switching practices currently play an important role in many South African classroom environments, they can never be construed as constituting a target language of acquisition, or as representing a viable alternative to the development of formal academic attainment in the standard form of a language.It ought to be clear from the foregoing intelligence just how much work needs to be done in enact for teachers even to begin teaching the first six Grades of school in the indigenous languages. To suggest that such teaching could begin imminently, and to propose rapid insurance changes to this effect, is both disingenuous and irresponsible. instructor EducationIn addit ion to language and curriculum development, a crucial aspect of providing mother- tongue education in South Africa lies in the field of teacher education (or teacher training as it used rather inelegantly to be termed). In the early years of this decade the responsibility for teacher education was transferred from the former colleges of education to the universities. During the same period, the numbers of scholars enrolling for African language courses at universities dwindled, for various reasons, to almost nothing. Even in Teacher Education programmes where an African language is a compulsory credit, the number of students who proceed with the study of an African language beyond the obligatory first level course is negligible. There is, as a result, a real crisis in African language teacher supply.As a first step in addressing this crisis, it is essential that the government offer service contract bursaries for student teachers specialising in African languages. In this scheme, students receive a full bursary (covering tuition, board and living expenses), but then have to pay the bursary back through a year of service for every year of study in which they received the bursary. Over the past few years, such bursaries have been offered for Maths and Science students only. In 2006, however, the Minister of Education announced that such bursaries would be extended to students specialising in Technology and Languages (both African languages and English). It is seraphic to note that this service-linked bursary scheme,which teacher education institutions have been demanding for some time, has begun to be implemented in 2007, through the Fundza Lushaka project (see Metcalfe 2007). It remains to be seen, however, whether sufficient numbers of student teachers will enrol for and graduate in African language courses, and then whether the Department of Education has the capacity to ensure that they do actually take up African language teaching posts in the schools.Ev en this is not enough, however. Incentives must be provided for graduating teachers to accept employment in the rural areas and township schools where the need for teachers qualified to teach in the African students mother tongues is most needed. Such incentives could take the form of higher salary packages, performance bonuses and better promotional opportunities. If this does not guide, the current trend of successful black education graduates taking posts in private schools or government schools in the affluent suburban areas will continue.Here it is necessary to remember that the issue is not merely that of teaching the African languages as subjects, but rather the ability to use the African languages as the media of instruction for the entire curriculum. For student teachers to be empowered to achieve this goal, a number of further steps need to be taken. Firstly, as with the African language school curriculum, the African language curriculum at tertiary level needs to be dras tically revised and modernised, so that students are enabled to study and learn these languages as effective carriers of academic discourse. Secondly, the entire Teacher Education curriculum (or at the very least the undergraduate Bachelor of Education programme) needs to be translated into each of the African languages. This would include all the official school subjects, but most especially Mathematics and the Sciences. As was noted in the first section of this paper, however, for this to be made possible the languages themselves need to be significantly developed. Thirdly, it will be necessary to provide a very large number of new Teacher Education lecturers who are able to teach the newly translated curriculum in the medium of the African languages.At the moment, a very small percentage of university teacher educators are able to provide quality tertiary tuitionthrough the African students mother tongues, and even fewer in the scientific subjects. Finally, for the requisite deve lopment and continuous upgrading of mother tongue tuition at tertiary level to be possible, it is necessary for high level research to be conducted. Thus, optimally, each universitys susceptibility or School of Education would need to attract and support top quality education researchers working specifically in the field of African languages in education, whether through research units, centres of excellence or individual fellowships, grants or professorial chairs.In addition to the training of pre-service student teachers, it will also be necessary to upgrade the competence levels of teachers already in the system. Universities will have to provide a range of additional courses for in-service teachers so that they are able to acquire academic proficiency in the newly-developed African languages as well as enhanced methodological skills in utilising the languages as media of instruction in all the various Learning Areas. Such courses would, of necessity, need to be taught part-time (after hours, during the vacations, or as block-release programmes) which would place an enormous burden on both the schools and the universities, and would again require a thick investment on the part of the State in terms of additional lecturing staff, tuition and transportation costs, and perhaps even temporary teacher-replacements. Such courses would also by their very nature have to be completed over an extended period of time and would thus require a strong inscriptionon the part of both lecturers and teachers over and above the normal duties which they have to perform in an already highly pressurised work environment.As was the case with language and curriculum development, it is evident that for all of this to become possible, the State will have to make extremely heavy investments in human and material resources far beyond the provision of the limited number of student bursaries it currently offers. Whether the State budget for education can or will ever be enlarged to welcome all of these multiple costs remains unclear.Implementation in the SchoolsThe fourth aspect of mother tongue education involves its actual implementation in the schools. Even assuming that at some point in the future the African languages have been effectively developed, that the curriculum has been efficiently translated, and that a full quota of properly expert teachers is available, there is still the question of whether schools will adopt the policy and implement it thoroughly. For this to take place, a number of stakeholders will have to be convinced of the wide-eyed benefits of mother-tongue education, not merely in a cognitive sense, but in a much larger socio-economic context. Such stakeholders include government education officials, school governing bodies, principals, teachers, and, most importantly, parents and learners.If learners and their parents do not actively desire mother- tongue instruction, then all the effort in the world will not make the policy viable . And for this desire to be inculcated, parents and their children will have to see that mother-tongue education leads to palpable benefits in such spheres as economic empowerment, social mobility and influence, and pathways to further academic opportunities. All of this raises questions of the instrumental value of the African languages in South African society more generally which, though of interest and importance, lies beyond the scope of the present paper.A more specific question related to mother-tongue education in schools concerns the role of English. No matter how rapidly or to what degree the African languages are developed, it is safe to assume that English will continue to occupy a role of crucial importance in South Africa for the foreseeable future. Even if the African languages are utilised as languages of learning and teaching in the first years of school, at some point there will have to be a switchto English as the medium of instruction, whether this takes place af ter three years, or, as is now proposed, after six years. Thus, English will have to receive systematic and sustained attention, and will have to be taughtextremely effectively as a subject during the initial years of schooling so that when the transition does take place (be it gradually or immediately) learners will be sufficiently competent in the language to be able to cope with learning through it.Indeed, even if mother-tongue education were one day to be employed right through to Matric level, learners would still need to be proficient in English for the purposes of higher education where, in a globalised academic environment, English is indispensable. At the moment, however, English is, in many cases, badly taught in South African schools. Just as important as the production of large numbers of competent mother-tongue teachers, therefore, is the development of high quality teachers of English who can be deployed in the rural and township schools. Again, a system of service-lin ked, contract bursaries and incentives to work in areas of greatest need must be implemented immediately for student teachers specialising in the teaching of English. The Minister of Education, as mentioned previously, has included English in the list of priority subjects for student teachers, and this is to be welcomed as a long overdue practical measure.But, as in the case of African language teaching, steps must be taken, over and above this, to ensure the upgrading of in-service teachers in terms of academic proficiency in the language, content knowledge and improved methodological practice. It is a simple truism that any educational system which prioritises the African languages at the expense of English is destined to fail at the levels both of practical reality and educational theory. As even so avid a proponent of heritage languages as Tove Skutnabb-Kangas has observed, in multilingual societies it is essential that all learners are enabled to learn enough of the power langu age to be able to influence the society or, especially, to acquire a common language with other subordinated groups, a shared medium of communication and analysis (1981128).In the best of all possible worlds, learners, especially in areas where English is rarely used, would begin their schooling in their mother-tongue and then at some point switch over to English as the medium of instruction, having acquired enough English through subject study to be able to cope with it. At the same time, they would continue to study their home languages as subjects in a model of additive bilingualism. Conversely, in areas whereEnglish is able to be used as the language of learning and teaching from the outset, it is just as important that learners acquire proficiency in at least one official African language. In schools where Afrikaans is the medium of instruction, it is not unreasonable to require that in10addition to their mother-tongue, Afrikaans-speaking learners acquire both English (as they invariably wish to do anyway) and an African language.From this it ought to be apparent that there can be no single language policy which would suit every school context in South Africa. The society simply remains too disparate and differentiated for any one size fits all system to be practicable or even desirable.4 What is not unfair to expect, however, is that by the time learners leave school they will all have full academic proficiency in at least one language (for the moment this would continue to be English or Afrikaans) as well as some degree of academic proficiency in one and perhaps two other official South African languages.However, even within this ideal linguistic scenario, there are some possibly unexpected and certainly ironic implications. For schools seriously to implement initial mother-tongue instruction (followed posterior by English) means that schools would have to be divided into particular language groupings, and learners would have to attend a school offerin g their particular language. While this does happen informally to a certain degree, a formalised policy would in effect return South Africa (at least in the primary schools) to a gracious of linguistic unconnectedheid reminiscent of a former era. Even in the unlikely event of township schools being able to offer parallel medium education in two or more African languages, there would still effectively exist a language apartheid between the various classes within the school. It is not clear whether the current proponents of mother-tongue education in this country have thought through these matters with sufficient care.Finally, there remains the question of individual choice, and this brings the present discussion full circle. In any democracy parental (and learner)choice is paramount, especially when it comes to such issues as the language in which a child is to receive his or her education. It is no small matter that this right is enshrined in the Constitution. If, after all is sai d and done, parents continue to insist, as the majority currently does, that their children be educated inColin Baker (2006215f) provides a typology of bilingual education in which ten main models, each with multitudinous sub-varieties, are discussed. Which of these models would be best for any particular South African school is a complex matter, and is clearly best left to each specific School Governing Body to decide. This is borne out by the FutureFact 2006 survey, which reveals that, apart from the Afrikaans community, between 60%-67% of all other language groups feel that English is the preferred language for education.Indeed, of the remaining 33%-40% of the sample, less than 20% preferred mother-tongue education (at whatever level) the remainder stating no preference. In addition to this, 82% of the sample claimed to be able to read and understand English, and, again apart from theEnglish rather than their mother-tongue, then the onus rests on the State to ensure that this is provided as effectively as possible for everyone who wants it. And if this does indeed continue to be the will of the majority, then the State must take far more active and extensive steps to improve the teaching and learning of English in South African schools than has hitherto been the case. No language in education policy which is forced on the majority against its will can ever succeed, and will serve only to perpetuate the unequal and inefficient conditions which currently exist in South African education.ReferencesBaker, Colin. 2006. Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (4th edition).Clevedon Multilingual Matters.Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996.Cummins, Jim. 2000. Language, Power and Pedagogy Bilingual children in the crossfire.Clevedon Multilingual matters.Department of Education. 1997. Norms and Standards Regarding Language Policy Language in Education Policy. Government Gazette No.685, 9 May. FutureFact 2006 Survey. Languages. (A vailable at http// www.futurefact.co.za/ 2006 survey.html.) Herbert, Robert K. and Bailey, Richard. 2002. The Bantu Languages Sociohistorical perspectives. In Rajend Mesthrie (ed.) Language in South Africa, 449-475. Cambridge University Press. Mackey, William F. 1992. Mother Tongues, Other Tongues and Vehicular Languages.Perspectives 81 22(1)45-57 (my translation from the French).Metcalfe, Mary. 2007. In Search of Quality schoolhouse for All. Mail & Guardian (GettingAhead) January 26 to February 14-5.Pandor, Naledi. 2006. Language Issues and Challenges (opening address at the Language Policy Implementation in HEIs Conference, Pretoria, 5 October. Available at http//www.education.gov.za/ high-power/dynamic.aspx?pageid=306&id=2290. Schuring, Gerhard K. 1993. Language and Education in South Africa a policy study.Pretoria Human Sciences Research Council.Afrikaans community, between 72%-77% of all other language groups believe that English should be the main official language of South A frica.12Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 1981. Bilingualism or Not the Education of Minorities. Clevedon Multilingual matters. Webb, Vic, Deumert, Ana and Lepota, Biki (eds). 2005. The Standardisation of African

Sorry for Disturbing You Essay

Sorry for Disturbing You is a short chronicle written by Richard Knight and its chief subject is repenting nearly of the picks make in life. Two cats are repenting things in this narrative an old adult anthropoid called Michael and Ian. who is besides the chief character. Michael is an old ill adult male one dark strike harding at Ians door inquiring for a phone to name for a cap. Ian doesnt feel like allowing him in. unless he follows his inherent aptitude and eventually lets him in to assist him.Ian following his inherent aptitude turned out to be a good thing. because allowing Michael made Ian alter The narrative is told by a 3rd individual limited bank clerk. as it is merely Ians thought that appears in the text. So reading this narrative Ian is our eyes and ears. Every description is given to us by his point of position. which means that the feeling of the characters that we get is affected by what Ians ideas of these people. The fact that the storyteller is a limited sto ryteller. besides has the consequence that Ian can merely be described by his ideas and the few duologues that he has.The narrative is told in present distort and its advancement is chronological. The linguistic communication consists of a few comparings as like a newborn kid. The narrative is a short narrative which is besides support when reading it as it has a batch of the fresh genres features theres merely four of import individuals in the narrative. theres no long descriptions and flashbacks either. The narrative merely covers a twosome of hours. And as in fairy tales it the short narrative has a frame.The narrative starts with Ian creation vex and holding his married woman Karen life at her mothers house and his life is organism all messed up. but so Michael pay offs strike harding on his door and he brings him through a mental journey Michael teaches him something. And in the terminal Ian is back and all of a sudden he has a brighter hereafter He is place. goes out and ends up place once more but as a polar cat. When Michael comes strike harding on Ians door he is intoxicated and ill and needs a phone to name a cap. Ian uncertainties in allowing him in. but does it anyhow.Inside the house Michael starts speaking active him non being allowed to come to his ain daughters nuptials and he spends times looking at a exposure of him. his girl and married woman hanging on Ians wall. So it seems like hes is truly losing his girl. Michael is besides a small cryptic. because when person comes strike harding on 1s door to tunnel a phone. they normally dont have a phone. but Michael has one and insists on naming from it. And when naming the cap company Michael knows the reference as if it was his ain. tho the mystifier comes right when Michael tells Ian that he knew the old proprietors of the house and that is why he knows the reference and about the old proprietors he says We were friends. Good friends. I liked George actually much. So it seems like i t is non merely a happenstance that Michael knocked on Ians door. He is likely losing his old life. his friends and household and came to Ians topographic point to guess his life as it was earlier. Michael is a adult male filled with declinations and he keeps apologising and stating I shouldve and I shouldnt have Im sorry. I and Sorry. Thank you.You are truly sort. Ian is the chief character of the narrative. He is the male parent to a small miss called Corrine and he is married to Karen. but they have jobs which need to be screen out out. Ian and his married woman likely have jobs because they dont communicate like they should make. And he besides has a bad relationship to his girl Corrine. several(prenominal) times Ian tells his girl to remain in her room. but she doesnt behave quickly. Hes a bad communicator because even though Corrine is about end-to-end the whole narrative. they dont run one individual conversation.And the same goes to his married woman when he sees her i n the terminal of the narrative he merely sends her a nod. even though he clearly has missed her Ian idea of Karen at her mums. and wished she were here now. And he doesnt know what to talk with Michael about either Ten proceedingss. Ian idea. What the snake pit am I supposed to speak about for 10 proceedingss? Michael can be symbolized as being a image of Ians hereafter. because they both have a household and a member of it that they do non talk to and lose. But Michaels state of affairs is worsened he has become an alcoholic.Ian can still salvage his relationship to his married woman and Michael has been an eye-opener to Ian. because when Ian comes place after driving Michael to the infirmary. hes a different adult male and wants to screen things out. He comes place and he makes two cups of tea and warms a glass of milk. The two cups of tea likely is for him and Karen and is hence fend foring him and Karen. And the milk is stand foring his girl. made two cups of tea and a gla ss of warm milk. and took the first careful stairss up the stepss.Transporting the drinks upstairs hes being careful. as if he was afraid to drop the drinks to lose his married woman and girl. And him taking the first steps up the stepss can be symbolized as being the first stairss into his new life. Ian knows now how much his household truly means to him and run intoing Michael made him alter. because he doesnt want to stop up lone(a) and being kept out from his ain daughters nuptials. Throughout the narrative Ian became a different individual Michael saved Ians hereafter. so he was decidedly non upseting. as he said in the beginning when Ian foremost opened the door Sorry for upseting you.

Anwar Sadats Domestic and Foreign Policies were from 1970 to 1981 Essay

The Hero of the Crossing, An contend Sadat undoubtedly bought pride and peace to his fellow Egyptians after the find out of Nassers defeat and humiliation to his socialist country. His pragmatic view on the way Egypt should be ruled bought him success and failures in both the outside and domesticated policies, despite his premature death in 1981. Some saw the heroic face of Egypt as a traitor to Pan Arabism and all that the surviving Nasserites fought for. except it cannot be denied that he placed Egypts foot firmly through the door of peace with the area surrounding them and internationally through his spectacular, radical commitments to devising peace with Israel, following the legendary Camp David accords.Firstly, Sadats main aim with his foreign policies was to gain permanent peace with Israel, and on the 17th September 1978, he set it in stone at Camp David. On this date, Sadat took a bold, historic step towards peace with Israel one which turned the back on the item of P an Arabism that went before him it marked the beginning of the essence East peace process, one which still holes peace between the two nations to twenty-four hour period, far beyond his reign. Sadat cherished to gain permanent peace with Israel to cut military costs and at that placefore boost their economy. Although Camp David had seen a momentous agreement between two in truth different nations, with a background of war and unrest, relations with other Arab states had detiriated. Sadat knew that bringing Palestinian problems to the table at Camp David would make Israel less likely to cry any sort of peace deal.Therefore, many states in the Middle East didnt look too kindly upon Sadat due to the feeling of Pan Arabism, mentation he was back-stabbing the theory. But, looking back at the concept around that time, it was relatively dead as it was fundamentally unrealistic due to the greed and selfishness still unpatterned in each nation. Consequently, Sadats peace aims were suc cessful and the argument with the Middle East would have expired by the Camp David accords. Sadat was also the first Arab attracter to enter into Jerusalem to talk about peace deals with the country.As the first person to enter into the Holy Land, he lost a lot of pursuit also, but his pragmatic ways taught him that making peace with Israel would cut down military costs tremendously as they would never have a war in the near future. It is clear to see that the extended effort that Sadat put into making strong bonds with Israel at the time did pay off as to this day there has been no unrest between the two countries to the current day, showing that his aim to gain permanent peace with Israel was met and he was extremely successful as later on he received a Nobel Peace Prize as being recognised internationally as making troubles end in the Middle East, troubles which Sadat thought were unnecessary.The second aim of Sadat was to improve the scotch state of his country through gainin g strong relations with the US and losing links with the USSR. He had to extend out of Nassers shadow and gain independence for his country. He was very forward- thinking compared to the previous draw. He wanted to boost the economy in Egypt and he was looking towards the West for the helping hand with his domestic problem. Firstly, he expelled his Soviet advisors in 1972, which received high praise from the West.He knew that with the USs greatest enemy out of the country, and then they would be prepared to help them out financially. His gamble finally paid off for Sadat as they eventually became one of the largest recipitants of foreign aid from the US. Sadats country could finally have private investment from the biggest nation of the world and therefore be at the foreground in the Middle East that no other country would wish to fight as they had such strong help. These investments also led to greater links with Israel as the US were both their allies now and therefore there wou ld be no need to go to war and spend surplus amounts of their money on the military.Sadats domestic policy for the economy also introduced large changes to the country as he tried to step out of Nassers shadow once again. Sadats mind-set was completely different to that of Nasser, as he strived for private foreign investment and controlling inflation through fixing prices. This meant that Sadat could be sure there would be no higher wage demands and that the economy was more predictable, liberalising Egypts economy for the better, or so he thought. In the last years of his reign, there were a series of Bread Riots protesting against his economic liberalisation, through the public out roar to Sadats lifting of prices led to his government having to take control of the prices reversing themselves.Sadats economic domestic policy was very unpopular with the majority of the public especially the Nasserites. Although there was a lot of public unrest at the time, the rich Egyptians were in favour as they were benefitting from his rule. They lapped up the foreign investment as the lack of control on basics such as bread did not arrogate them as much. US investment as well made lives for the rich under Sadats rule very good, but there was left at a lower place them a very widening gap between them and the poor.It cannot be disagreed that Sadat was not a large change in the regular leadership hyphen of the Arab states in the Middle East. The greed, Pan Arabism and selfishness were not apparent in the leader as he strived for peace with Israel and other countries, boosting the economy and making greater links with the westerly world all things which were unheard of in the Middle East at the time. Many people did not follow his new way of thinking, the pragmatic style did not agree with them, or was it that perhaps they were not ready for him?And that Nasser had such a large influence on the country that they were indoctrinated in a laughable way of thinking, with no room left for different out looks on leadership. Evidence suggests that Sadat was not a failure, he just followed someone with such a great sway on the country that he could not lead without riots and rebellions as they did not want change. The Hero of the Crossing was a great leader with the interests of Egypt at heart, and if only his life wasnt cut tragically short, there could have been plenty more he could have done for the area as a whole.

HRPD 3RD SEM Notes Essay

1. Lacking of support People think that the military man choice supply is unnecessary and time consuming. hands can be arranged anytime whenever needed with attractive benefits and incentives so why human pick planning. They thought it is an easy task to manipulate the workforce in the organization. It is matter of surprise that this kind of perception conceived by the top management of organization.2. Wrong perception about Human imaging practitioner In this war-ridden business world it is so a difficult task to compete the rivals without strategy and formulating strategic planning is challenging. It is supposed to that the people who formulated the human resource plan are not expert about business as result they might make error in overall strategic since the human resource practitioner formulated the human resource plan.3. Incompatibility of information A strategic plan is set for achieving the long terminal figure goal or objectives of the organization. At the time of for mulation strategy the used information are long time oriented and on the financial basis, notwithstanding the human resource planning formulated using the short-change term information. So the information of human resource does not often match with the information of strategy formulation.4. Confliction betwixt short term and long term need of Human Resource In an organization there are need of Human resource for short term purpose and long term purpose. The short term purpose can be met by hiring people for short term period but to meet the long term purpose organization must(prenominal) prepare its own capable skill workforce. Individuals must prepare to meet the long term purpose has to prepare skill people to run its work smoothly that can fulfill the long term needs of organization. If it is think that skills are in stock(predicate) to meet the short term needs the long term needs are avoided.5. Approach confliction In formulation of human resource planning it must consider that how many people and how efficient people will be needed for the smooth functionality of the organization. Among the human resource practitioners some emphasis on act of employee and some emphasis on the quality of the employee where both approaches are equally important for the organization.6. Absence of operating managers co-ordination There is no doubt that Human Resource planning is a major function of Human Resource Management that means Human Resource department and it is also inevitable that successful planning is depending on the co-operation of all the existing department. Mainly the operation managers coordinating exertion plays an important role in the succession of Human Resource Planning.Conclusion From the higher up discussion we have got some problems among them few are created by the involved person in the organization and few are created from the miss-perception of idea perceived by the managers at different level or be deficient in synchronization with the p lanning in different department. But which may be avoidable.

Reward System And Its Impact On Employee Motivation Essay

affable networking likewise referred to as favorable media. The growing utilization of kind media indicates a potentially effective fresh platform for advertisers. Social Media, today, is among the best opportunities available to a brand for connecting with Prospective consumers. Social media is the medium to kindize. These new media win the trust of consumers by connecting with them at a deeper level. Social media trade is the new mantra for several brands since proto(prenominal) last course. Marketers are taking note of round different hearty media opportunities and beginning to implement new social initiatives at a higher array than ever before.Social media trade and the traffices that utilize it retain be shape up much sophisticated. mavin rumpnot afford to brook no presence on the social channels if the competitor is making waves with its results and go. The explosion of social media phenomenon is as mind boggling as that and the pace at which it is growi ng is maddening. Global companies have recognized social media merchandising as a potential marketing platform, utilized them with innovations to power their publicizing campaign with social media marketing.- discern WORDS Social networking, Marketers, Socialize, Media affectionate NETWORKING Social networking, also referred to as social media, encompasses many Internet-based marionettes that ease up it easier for slew to listen, interact, engage and collaborate with each oppo objectivewise. Social networking platforms such(prenominal) as Face book, MySpace, YouTube, LinkedIn, Twitter, falls, message boards, Wikipedia and countless others are catching on similar wildfire.People intake social networking to share recipes, photos, ideas and to keep friends updated on our lives. SOCIAL NETWORKING IN marketing Social media marketing refers to the process of gaining traffic or attending through with(predicate) social media sites. Social media itself is a catch-all term for sites that may provide radically different social actions. For instance, Twitter is a social site designed to let people share short messages or updates with others. Face book, in contrast is a full-blown social networking site that allows for sharing updates, photos, touch baseing events and a variety of other activities. ORIGINATION OF SOCIAL NETWORKINGAccording to a BBC Radio 4 documentary, the origins of social networking sack up be traced congest to the 1970s. While conducting question for the radio show, The Secret History of Social Networking, the BBCs Technology Correspondent, Rory Cellan-Jones, found that in 1973 the owner of a record shop in Berkeley California placed an latitude computer in his store and invited people to come in and type messages. The computer quickly became a popular attraction, peculiarly amongst University of California students who would come in to the store to rank messages and take lineament in discussions on the analogue machine.One of the first social networking Web sites, gear uped in 1997, was SixDegrees. com. This site started the trend of enabling users to create soulfulnessal profiles and make lists of their friends. Two years after the fall of Six Degrees, Live Journal offered authors options to add a list of friends to their profile page. Other early social networking sites include Friendster and online dateing dish Ryze. MySpace launched in 2003. However, the site didnt start drawing the attention of the masses until well into 2004, due largely in part to MySpace changes that allowed teenagers to join the social network.Since their introduction, social networking sites (SNS) have attracted millions of users, whereby many people integrate these sites into their daily practices. The conception of Googlebuzz. com has been recently introduced to equalize the likes of facebook, which has 350 million users. Here is a timeline to show the progress of the social networking world. 1995 Classmates. com is a social media website created by ruttish Conrad. The website helps members find, connect and keep in touch with friends and acquaintances from school life. Classmates has more than 40 million active members in the US and Canada.In early 2008, Nielson Online ranked Classmates as number 3 in unique periodical visitors among social networking sites. 1997 Sixdegrees. com was named after the six degrees of separation concept and allowed users to list friends, family members and acquaintances and see their connection with any other user on the site. It was one of the first manifestations of a social networking websites in the format now seen today. Sixdegrees unkindly in 2007. At its height, the website had about a million users. 1999 Cyworld. com is a South Korean social networking service.Users can have apartment like spaces which make for a sim-world like experience. The cy in Cyworld could stand for Cyber however, it also plays on the Korean word for relationship. A 2005 survey showed tha t 25% of South Korea was users. 2002 Friendster. com has eachplace 115 million registered users and over 61 million unique visitors per global month. Over 90% of friendsters traffic comes from Asia. The website is also apply for dating, discovering new events, bands and hobbies. 2003 Myspace. com launched after eUniverse employees with Friendster saw its potential and mimicked the more popular features of the social networking site.Myspace became the most popular social networking site in US 2006. The 100th million account was created on August 9 2006. 2005 Bebo. com is an acronym for intercommunicate early, blog much. It is similar to other networking sites the site must include two specific modules, a comment section and a list of users friends. The site claims 40 million users. 2006 Facebook. com is the most popular social networking site boasting 350 million users. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg who studied at Harvard University. The websites membership was initially ex press by the founders to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges.Facebook has met with some controversy being blocked in countries such as, China, Syria and Iran. The original concept for Facebook came from the colloquial name for books given out at the start of the academic year by universities designed to help students get to know one another better. 2006 Twitter. com is a social networking site that that enables its users to send and read messages known as tweets. Tweets are text based posts of up to 140 characters displayed on the authors profile page and are delivered to the authors subscribers known as followers.It is sometimes described as the SMS of the internet and is widely popular with about 5 million users. ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN MARKETING Social media is now increasingly becoming an ingrained aspect of political campaigns, national defence strategies, humans policy, public relations, brand management and even intra company communication. Since the major t ask of marketing as in any casel used to inform consumers about the companys productions, who they are and what they offer, social marketing plays an eventful berth in marketing. Social media can be used to provide an identity about the companies and the products or services that they offer. Social media helps in creating relationships with people who might not otherwise know about the products or service or what the companies represent. Social media makes companies real to consumers. If they need not just talk about the latest product news, but share their personality with them. Social media can be used to associate themselves with their peers that may be serving the same target market. Social media can be used to communicate and provide the interaction that consumer look for.THE GLOBAL IMPACT OF SOCIAL NETWORKS IN MARKETING According to comScore, a marketing research company that tracks Internet traffic, social networking sites accounted for 13. 8 billion display ad impre ssions in August 2009, representing more than 25 percent of all display ads viewed online, in a study of U. K. online display advertising on social networking sites. Social media is changing the track marketing is preceptore. No longer can marketers rely on putting out one general message to the public. In Malaysia, 80% of affluent Malaysians use social networking sites.The opinions of bloggers and friends have become more influential than advertisements. Using social media allows businesses to reduce cost on marketing or connect with guests. A number of Malaysian companies use social network to promote their product or service. A recent example is mobile operator DiGi who used social networking to create cognizance on mobile broadband. One of the many campaigns DiGi did was Pimp My Broadband which was a battle allowing people to post up creative videos to the site. DiGi used mostly Face book and Twitter to spread the word and communicate with people.In another example, the Pru dential insurance company was running in December 2009 a contest for which people were asked to guess the anesthetizement fund a fictional character named Adam would need to retire comfortably. This campaign was heavily promoted over social networks and blogs. approximately organisations have jumped onto the social networking bandwagon. Large and small organisations same concur Facebook fan pages and groups. The leading budget travel airline, AirAsia, has more than 20 different Facebook pages and groups that promote some aspect of their service. It also has Twitter feeds as well as its own social network turn up at www.airasia. ning. com. The results have been impressive. It claims to lead all other airlines with a fan base of approximately 100,000. The AirAsia blog is ranked as the worlds second most popular blog site by an airline speckle CEO Tony Fernandes blog is the most popular in Malaysia by a incarnate leader. Its YouTube site is very popular while its Twitter account has 15,500 followers. AirAsias investment of time and childbed to reach out socially to Internet users must be bringing results it recently announced plans to launch a brand new social network for travellers.The Nielsen Company estimates online advertising spent on the poll social network and blogging sites increased 119 percent, from approximately USD49 million in August 2008 to approximately USD108 million in August 2009. Businesses and professionals are also connecting with one another on social networks. It has become commonplace for professionals to maintain accounts at LinkedIn. Using that platform, businessmen are able to find contacts that they can trust as introductions come from people they know and trust. SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING IN INDIA AN OVERVIEW India has 71 million active internet users.Social Media is really picking up new heights in India. Many companies are coming cock-a-hoop way for Social Media Optimization for their Product or Services nowadays. During Elec tion 2009 Social Media was used for cultivate Indian Voters. Social Media market in India is being undertaken by brands like Tata Docomo, MTV India, Channel V, Clear Trip, Tata Photon, ax deodorants, Microsoft, Naukri, Shaadi and many more. Besides, numerous Indian celebrities are also use SMM platform to promote their movies, music and events via Twitter, Facebook and personalised blogs.Social Media Marketing is also boosting public relations business. several(prenominal) PR agencies in India are task brand building exercises for corporate organizations, brands and celebrities. However, to the delight of many among us, the biggest gainers from SMM till date have been the organizations from the Not-for- Profit sector. Several Campaigns like Bell Bajao and Jaago Re have been quite successful on Social Networking Sites. These campaigns have been spread the word about their cause through blogs, Twitter and Facebook. SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING STRATEGIES SMM is still in its infancy.Mo st of the online retailers though appreciate its positives fallouts on the brand awareness and promotion they are still in the early stages of adoption. For an organization ordaining to invest in social media marketing, it is important to understand why SMM is an important marketing strategy and how it can help This is the age of consumer satisfaction. It is not about selling it is more about interacting. thither is a lot to learn from the customers. Using social media one can identify customers, listen to their feedback and use them to improve and innovate on products or services.SMM is not a mass advertising strategy. It can be used to identify peer groups and advertise to that particular group. Social Media can help in identifying influencers and through them one can guide a prospective customer into making a purchase. SMM calls for novel advertising methods as the attention span of online junta is very low. This is largely due to the multitasking phenomena. A person watch a v ideo clip on YouTube might be simultaneously updating a blog, while reading another one and watching friends photographs on Facebook.In order to bring in their attention away from distractions the advertisement must be innovative and interesting to hold the imagination and attention of the prospect. At the same time the message must also provoke the recipient into action like seeking a detailed description of the product/service, or suggesting to a friend, or initiating purchase. So, if the advertisement is nerve-racking to sell something then it should be conveniently placed with links so that the prospect can make a purchase with least effort. Similarly Social Media can be used to increase customer loyalty through customer support services and hence improve customer retention.Social Media Marketing can also be used by brands to ward off any negative publicity. just now the brands will have to be cautious here as over doing it may further infuriate their customers / stakeholders . There are many things that social media can do for business. Developing a strategy for using it means that the firms need to think about what they want to accomplish this year and determine how social media fits into the plan. One of the benefits of a social media strategy is the fact that the available tools can customized for their particular needs.The firms can choose to concentrate on their efforts on the sites that seem to offer the best return on investment, while taking a check and see stand on the others. Better Marketing Communications Any marketing campaign is alone as good as its effectiveness in reaching the client. As the saying goes, you can have the best product in the world but its success depends on its reach to the customers. One reinforcement that social media networks such as Twitter, Blogspot, MySpace and Facebook possess is that of cross-communication.In other words, much of the information is shared crosswise different social sites. In the past, marketin g strategies would target a certain audience based on the resources available. These days, however, if a company has a profile page on Facebook, for example, cross talk alone can generate interest, because of the fluidity of social media websites. Social media sites have helped do away with many geographical and communicatory borders companies who have listings with these sites can place themselves in a position where such communication can be just as effective as a targeted marketing campaign.In the same way, if one person subscribes to a certain companys web page, it is likely his or her friends will see it and too may become interested. Qualified potential clients can come to the company rather than the other way around Higher Customer Satisfaction When a company is seen as being active on social media sites, it has just established itself as having its proverbial finger on the pulse of modern society. In a very real way, people take notice and assume that the company has somethi ng to say, that it is part of the biotic community rather than simply astatic web page. By posting regular updates that subscribers can see, business can appeal to their tastes and, more importantly, that business also has the ability to follow trends and change strategies based on the requirement. A keen observation is always essential for these updates. A close association with current scenario and trends will align the business people to more accurately cater to their audiences needs. In the past, a happy customer was a customer who could become a regular customer.Today, a happy customer or client has the ability to recommend a company to others grouped under similar target audience. Social networks can accomplish much of the work that in the past was allocated to the more traditional e-mail campaigns. Stronger Financial Returns This final factor should be the most obvious and, at the same time, the most motivating. It save stands to reason that with a larger target base, sales and publicity will naturally increase.One important thing to remember is that there are few if any costs when dealing with social sites. In the past, domain names came with a price tag. Even more relevant was the financial burden which often accompanied building a very good website (web design, maintenance, updates, etc). When a company takes advantage of social media, on the other hand, not only does exposure increase if done in the right manner, but also the financial obligation is little, if any. Why, then, are more businesses not taking full advantage of the tools in precedent of them?One of the issues is that many out there still consider the social media market a nook sector and havent fully implemented their campaigns to include social networking as a part of the overall strategy. Other companies state that not all of their employees are open to newer technologies. Still others just dont have correct media policies in place i. e. what can be said, how it can be said, the fibril of command to approve updatesthe list can go on and on. The main issue tends to revolve around the adaptation to changing technologies and sources of revenue. CONCLUSIONThere is no escaping social media these days, either for individuals or for businesses. Today, it is impossible to purloin social media from the online world. Companies are diverting resources and rethinking their traditional outreach strategies. And as the social media wave dissipates into the vast ocean of affiliated experiences, the term itself will become an entry in dictionaries and encyclopaedias and we will embark on a new era of knowledge, accessibility and experiences unbound by distance, time or physical walls. It is high time that every business adopts social media and takes it seriously