Biology Genetics

4.1.1 State that eukaryote chromosomes are made of desoxyribonucleic red-hot and proteins. eucaryote chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. 4.1.2 Define ing rosy-cheekeddenedient, allele and genome. factor: a heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic. allele: one specific human body of a component, differing from new(prenominal) alleles by one or a few bases only and occupying the selfsame(prenominal) constituent locus as other alleles of the gene. Genome: the whole of the inheritableal breeding of an organism. 4.1.3 Define gene fun. broker vicissitude: a form to the base sequence of a gene. 4.1.4 Explain the resultant of a base exchange mutation in apprisal to the processes of transcription and translation, using the example of sickle- gaol cadre anemia. Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic disease that affects red declension cells in the body. It is due to a mutation on the Hb gene which codes for a polypeptide of 146 amino group group caustics which is part of hemoglobin (hemoglobin is an important protein division in red dividing line cells). In sickle cell anaemia the codon GAG found in the linguistic rule Hb gene is mutated to GTG. This is called a base substitution mutation as ampere (A) is replaced by thymine (T). This essence that when the mutated gene is transcribed, a codon in the courier ribonucleic acid allow be different.

quite of the normal codon GAG, the courier ribonucleic acid will contain the codon GUG. This in morsel will result in a slip during translation. In a healthy mortal the codon GAG on the messenger RNA matches with the anticodon CUC on the air RNA carrying the amino acid glutamic acid. However, if the mutated gene is state accordingly GUG on the messenger RNA matches with the anticodon CAC on the transfer RNA which carries the amino acid valine. So the base substitution mutation has caused glutamic acid to be replaced by valine on the sixth jell on the polypeptide. This results in haemoglobin S being present in red daub cells instead of the normal haemoglobin A. This has an effect on the phenotype as instead of normal sinker shaped red blood cells...If you want to get a full essay, orderliness it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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